Ciprofloxacin

Manufactured by Merck Group

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Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobial agents. It is used in the treatment of various bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin functions by inhibiting the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication and transcription.

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Lab products found in correlation

Gentamicin, by Merck Group (123 mentions) Tetracycline, by Merck Group (103 mentions) Chloramphenicol, by Merck Group (91 mentions) Ampicillin, by Merck Group (89 mentions) Erythromycin, by Merck Group (73 mentions) Vancomycin, by Merck Group (70 mentions) Levofloxacin, by Merck Group (60 mentions) Norfloxacin, by Merck Group (51 mentions) Streptomycin, by Merck Group (46 mentions) Ofloxacin, by Merck Group (46 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (46 mentions) Ceftazidime, by Merck Group (45 mentions) Enrofloxacin, by Merck Group (44 mentions) Amikacin, by Merck Group (43 mentions) Imipenem, by Merck Group (42 mentions) Rifampicin, by Merck Group (41 mentions) Kanamycin, by Merck Group (40 mentions) Meropenem, by Merck Group (37 mentions) Metronidazole, by Merck Group (35 mentions) Cefotaxime, by Merck Group (35 mentions)

854 protocols using ciprofloxacin

Antibiotic-Infused Graphene Paper Synthesis

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Three therapeutic substances were tested, which were the following antibiotics:

Ciprofloxacin (Merck Life Science, Cat. No: 17850, Sigma-Aldrich, Poznań, Poland);

Cefazolin (Merck Life Science, Cat. No: PHR129, Sigma-Aldrich, Poznań, Poland);

Methicillin, sodium salt (Merck Life Science, Cat. No: 51454, Sigma-Aldrich, Poznań, Poland).

The following samples were prepared:

pGO—graphene paper CipW + pGO—graphene paper immersed in Ciprofloxacin dissolved according to the safety data sheet in water (35 g Ciprofloxacin in 1 mL of water, 105 M/L);

CipE + pGO—graphene paper immersed in Ciprofloxacin dissolved according to the safety data sheet in ethanol (1.6 g Ciprofloxacin in 1 mL of ethanol, 4.82 M/L);

CefW + pGO—graphene paper immersed in Cefazolin dissolved according to the safety data sheet in water (20 g Cefazolin in 1 mL of water, 44 M/L);

CefDMF + pGO—graphene paper immersed in Cefazolin dissolved according to the safety data sheet in DMF (10 g Cefazolin in 1 mL of DMF, 22 M/L);

MetW + pGO—graphene paper immersed in Methicillin dissolved according to the safety data sheet in water (10 g Methicillin in 2 mL of water, 13 M/L);

MetDMF + pGO—graphene paper immersed in Methicillin dissolved according to the safety data sheet in DMF (20 g Methicillin in 20 mL of DMF, 2.62 M/L).

Different solvents had to be used since the antibiotics dissolve at different rates.

Nasiłowska B., Bombalska A., Kutwin M., Lange A., Jaworski S., Narojczyk K., Olkowicz K, & Bogdanowicz Z. (2024). Ciprofloxacin-, Cefazolin-, and Methicilin-Soaked Graphene Paper as an Antibacterial Medium Suppressing Cell Growth. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(5), 2684.

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Antibiotic-resistant MRSA and MSSA Isolates

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Five MRSA clinical isolates (ciprofloxacin and gentamicin resistant bacteria) and eight MSSA clinical isolates (ciprofloxacin and gentamicin sensitive bacteria) were used in this study, which were isolated from various clinical samples at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Practice and Research Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, in Sivas, Turkey. L-captopril, ciprofloxacin (CXP), and gentamicin (GEN) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA).
The strains were identified by MALDI TOF-MS (Bruker Biotyper Daltonik, Germany) system from colonies that were planted on sheep blood agar media (Becton Dickinson, USA) and grew in an overnight incubation at 35±2°C. In vitro susceptibilities of the strains to antibiotics were determined with BD-Phoenix automated system (Becton Dickinson, USA).

Kafa A.H.T., & Aslan R. (2022). Gentamicin-Induced Antibacterial Activity is Attenuated by L-Captopril. Cumhuriyet Tıp Dergisi/Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi dergisi.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of P. aeruginosa

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The microdilution method was used to determine the MIC of ciprofloxacin (Sigma Aldrich) and colistin (Sigma Aldrich) against P. aeruginosa isolates according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI-2019). To determine the MICs of ciprofloxacin and colistin (Sigma Aldrich), 100 μL of overnight bacterial culture (dilution of 1:100 in MHB, set according to 0.5 McFarland) and 512 mg/l of the tested antibiotic were serially diluted (512 mg/l to 0.25 mg/l) in the 96-well microtiter plates and incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevented the visible bacterial growth after 18 h of incubation. MIC values for the studied antibiotics were determined in triplicates [16] .

Zadeh R.G., Mirshekar M., Kalani B.S., Masjedian F., & Barati M. (2021). The Expression of Type II TA System Genes Following Persister Cell Formation in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates in The Exponential and Stationary Phases.

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Comparative Evaluation of Phytochemicals

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Phytochemicals (sanguinarine chloride), synthetic analogs of natural products (nitroxoline and zinc pyrithione), and antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) used in this study were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Prague, Czech Republic). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich) was used to prepare the stock solutions of all test compounds except ciprofloxacin, which was prepared using distilled water.

Osei-Owusu H., Kudera T., Strakova M., Rondevaldova J., Skrivanova E., Novy P, & Kokoska L. (2022). In Vitro Selective Combinatory Effect of Ciprofloxacin with Nitroxoline, Sanguinarine, and Zinc Pyrithione against Diarrhea-Causing and Gut Beneficial Bacteria. Microbiology Spectrum, 10(5), e01063-22.

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Determining Ciprofloxacin Resistance in S. aureus

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Aliquots of 100 μL
of an overnight culture of S. aureus NCTC8325 were plated with sterile glass beads in triplicate on selective
B agar plates (1 or ciprofloxacin, Sigma-Aldrich, 4×
MIC or 6× MIC; MIC (ciprofloxacin) = 310 nM, determined via MIC
broth dilution assay). The total number of viable cells was determined
simultaneously by plating appropriate dilutions on nonselective B
agar plates (colony forming unit (CFU) assay). Colonies were counted
after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. The frequency of resistance
was calculated by dividing the mean number of resistant colonies by
the total number of viable cells in the 100 μL aliquots.

Reinhardt T., Lee K.M., Niederegger L., Hess C.R, & Sieber S.A. (2022). Indolin-2-one Nitroimidazole Antibiotics Exhibit an Unexpected Dual Mode of Action. ACS Chemical Biology, 17(11), 3077-3085.

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Antibiotics Loaded on Modified Microcapillaries

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MCF was modified with PVOH as described above. To load antibiotics onto the internal surface of the PVOH modified MCF, individual microcapillaries of a length of PVOH modified MCF (up to 5 m) were filled using a 30G needle with freshly prepared filter sterilized antibiotic solutions of gentamicin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, amoxicillin and cefotaxime (Sigma Aldrich, UK) at the following concentrations and solvents: gentamicin 5 mg mL⁻¹ in ultrapure water; tetracycline 5 mg mL⁻¹ in water; trimethoprim 3 mg mL⁻¹ in DMF; ciprofloxacin 3 mg mL⁻¹ in 1% HCl; ampicillin 10 mg mL⁻¹ in water; amoxicillin 15 mg mL⁻¹ water; and cefotaxime 4.8 mg mL⁻¹ in water. After 5 minutes of incubation, the excess solution was removed by attaching MCF lengths to a vacuum manifold and dried for 20 minutes per 1 m length, leaving behind a thin film of antibiotic as described previously.^{42 (link)} All antibiotics were loaded at concentrations that would lead to release of the breakpoint concentration into the sample (Table S-1†) based on previously determined loading efficiency quantified by LC-MS and confirmed by phenotypic AST experiments using this method.

Needs S.H., Pivetal J., Hayward J., Kidd S.P., Lam H., Diep T., Gill K., Woodward M., Reis N.M, & Edwards A.D. (2023). Moving microcapillary antibiotic susceptibility testing (mcAST) towards the clinic: unravelling kinetics of detection of uropathogenic E. coli, mass-manufacturing and usability for detection of urinary tract infections in human urine. Sensors & Diagnostics, 2(3), 736-750.

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Ciprofloxacin Kidney Exposure Protocol

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ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich), which is water soluble, was diluted in the SMCM at final concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/mL; these concentrations reflect the approximate ciprofloxacin concentrations to which the kidney is exposed and are in accordance with other study protocols of ciprofloxacin treatment for HASMCs (12 (link), 21 (link), 37 (link), 47 (link)). In all experiments, the prepared 100 and 200 μg/mL ciprofloxacin solutions were treated for 24 hours, along with the start of the rhythmic strain.

Xiang B., Abudupataer M., Liu G., Zhou X., Liu D., Zhu S., Ming Y., Yin X., Yan S., Sun Y., Lai H., Wang C., Li J, & Zhu K. (2023). Ciprofloxacin exacerbates dysfunction of smooth muscle cells in a microphysiological model of thoracic aortic aneurysm. JCI Insight, 8(2), e161729.

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Culturing mouse embryonic stem cells and HEK293T cells

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pGK12.1 mESCs were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Sigma Aldrich, D5796) supplemented with 15% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; VWR, 97068-085), 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Gibco, 31350-010), 2.0 mM L-Glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich, G7513), 100 Units/mL Penicillin-Streptomycin (Gibco, 15140-122), 1 × MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids (Gibco, 11140-050), 10 μg/mL Ciprofloxacin (Sigma, 17850), and 10³ units/mL leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) at 37°C in 5% CO₂. HEK293T cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 2.0 mM L-Glutamine, 100 Units/mL Penicillin-Streptomycin, and 10 μg/mL Ciprofloxacin (Sigma, 17850) at 37°C in 5% CO₂.
To deplete Ring1b in Ring1a^−/−/Ring1b^fl/fl; Rosa26:CreERT2 and Cbx2 in Cbx2^fl/fl-HT;Rosa26::CreERT2 mESCs, cells were treated with 1.0 μM 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (Sigma, H7904) for different time periods.

Brown K., Chew P.Y., Ingersoll S., Espinosa J.R., Aguirre A., Espinoza A., Wen J., Astatike K., Kutateladze T.G., Collepardo-Guevara R, & Ren X. (2023). Principles of assembly and regulation of condensates of Polycomb repressive complex 1 through phase separation. Cell reports, 42(10), 113136.

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Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni

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Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute (CLSI) (CLSI, 2006 ). Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using the quality control strain C. jejuni ATCC 33560. Briefly, suspension of C. jejuni isolates adjusted to an OD₆₀₀ = 0.1 were prepared in phosphate buffered saline and inoculated onto Mueller-Hinton agar (LiofilChem, Milan Italy) supplemented with 5% lysed sheep blood (E&O Laboratories, Burnhouse, Bonnybridge, Scotland) and ciprofloxacin (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, USA) in concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 256 μg/ml and incubated under microaerophilic conditions at 42°C for 24 h. The MIC interpretive criterion for resistance to ciprofloxacin was ≥4 μg/ml.

Aksomaitiene J., Ramonaite S., Olsen J.E, & Malakauskas M. (2018). Prevalence of Genetic Determinants and Phenotypic Resistance to Ciprofloxacin in Campylobacter jejuni from Lithuania. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 203.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility of K. pneumoniae

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing of K. pneumoniae strains was performed according to CLSI criteria [10 ]. Susceptibility to piperacillin (100 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), nitrofurantoin (300 μg), imipenem (10 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), amikacin (30 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), levofloxacin (5 μg), and ampicillin-sulbactam (10/10 μg) were detected by the disk diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin (Sigma, Germany) was determined by the broth microdilution method. E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as a quality control strain.

Amereh F., Arabestani M.R., Hosseini S.M, & Shokoohizadeh L. (2023). Association of qnr Genes and OqxAB Efflux Pump in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains. International Journal of Microbiology, 2023, 9199108.

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