To assess severity of kidney fibrosis, Masson’s trichrome was performed with Masson Stain Kit (G1006, Servicebio, Wuhan, China). It was scored as the percentage of tubulointerstitial fibrosis: no fibrosis (0), less than 25% (1), 25–50% (2), 50–75% (3), and more than 75% (4).
An immunohistochemistry assay was conducted in accordance with standard protocols. F4/80 (1:500, ab300421, Abcam, MA, USA) or α-SMA (1:300, sc-53142, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) were applied to paraffin-embedded sections. Quantification was calculated as a percentage of areas stained positively to total areas.
In the immunofluorescence assay, macrophages were identified with primary antibodies α-SMA (1:500, sc-53142, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and CD206 (1:200, ab300621, Abcam, Cambridge, UK).