Two millimeter diameter gold electrodes (CH Instruments) were mechanically polished using a polishing pad (Buehler) and sequential polishing using alumina powder of 0.3 μm then 0.05 μm followed by polishing with a bare polishing pad. In between each polishing stage, electrodes were cleaned by sonication in ultrapure (Milli-Q) water for 10 min. After the mechanical polishing was completed each electrode was further electrochemically cleaned by cycling in 0.5 M H2SO4 between −0.1 and 1.5 V vs. Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE) for 60 cycles at 50 mV s−1. Immediately after cleaning, electrodes were washed in ultrapure (Milli-Q) water, dried then soaked in probe solutions at a concentration of 1 μM in 10 mM Tris HCl buffer pH 7.5 containing 0.5 M NaCl for 16 h. The electrode surfaces were washed in buffer to remove excess DNA, then soaked in 1 mM mercaptohexanol in 10 mM Tris HCl buffer pH 7.5 containing 0.5 M NaCl for a further 2 h to ensure a passivated surface and a good presentation of the DNA probe in an upright position (Lee et al., 2006 (link)). Electrodes were washed in buffer (10 mM Tris HCl pH 7.5 containing 0.5 M NaCl) prior to use. For each experiment, three replicate electrodes were used for each target DNA to ensure that results were consistent for each target DNA product.
Polishing pad
Manufactured by Buehler
Sourced in United States
The Polishing Pad is a circular, flat surface designed for use in various polishing and finishing processes. It is made of high-quality materials and is intended to provide a consistent and even surface for polishing operations.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Glassy carbon electrode, by CH Instruments (2 mentions)
Alumina micro powder, by Buehler (2 mentions)
Milli q water system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gold electrodes, by CH Instruments (1 mentions)
M autolab type 3 potentiostat galvanostat, by Metrohm (1 mentions)
Dopamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ultrapure water, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Uric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Chempur (1 mentions)
H2so4, by Chempur (1 mentions)
Alumina slurries, by Buehler (1 mentions)
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Epinephrine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fused silica capillary, by Molex (1 mentions)
Chloroplatinic acid hydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Isopropanol and acetone, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Colloidal silver, by Ted Pella (1 mentions)
Catechol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nano su 8 developer, by MicroChem (1 mentions)
Lead 2 acetate trihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
8 protocols using polishing pad
1
Electrode Preparation and DNA Probe Immobilization
2
Gold Electrode Cleaning Protocol
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Gold electrodes were polished with 50 nm aluminium oxide particles (Buehler, Lake Bluff, Illinois, U.S.A.) on a polishing pad (Buehler, Illinois, U.S.A.) for 5 min, followed by sonication in ultrapure water to remove any particles. Electrodes were immersed in piranha solution (H2SO4/H2O2, v/v 7/3) for 1 min followed by rinsing thoroughly with deionized water, and ready for electrochemically cleaning. Electrodes were electrochemically cleaned in a classical three-electrode cell as described elsewhere14 (link)22 (link)27 (link). In brief, electrodes were immersed in H2SO4 (0.5 M) solution and the potential was scanned between the oxidation and reduction potentials of gold, from 0 V and +1.5 V versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, with scanning rate at 0.2 V/s and step potential at 0.01 V/s for 60 cycles until there was no further change in the voltammogram.
3
Electrochemical Characterization of Gold Macro-Electrode
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
All electrochemical experiments were thermostatted at 25 AE 1 1C by a heat-stirrer UC 152 from Stuart (Stone, UK) and performed inside a Faraday cage. A mAutolab type III potentiostat/galvanostat from Metrohm (Utrecht, Netherlands) for all the electrochemical experiments. A three-electrode system was used with a Gold macroelectrode (GE) from BASi (West Lafayette, Indiana, USA) with an geometrical area of 0.0314 cm 2 , operating as a working electrode, a pyrolytic graphite electrode from IJ Cambridge Scientific (Cambridge, UK) as the counter electrode and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) ((+ 0.244 V vs. SHE) from BASi, Japan) as the reference electrode. Cyclic voltammograms were performed by sweeping the potential from À0.1 V to +0.5 V, then from +0.5 to À0.5 V, and back to À0.1 V. The scan rates were used between 0.10 and 1.00 V s À1 . Before every experiment, the GE was polished using diamond spray suspensions with a decreasing particle size of 3.0, 1.0 and 0.1 mm from Kemet (Maidstone, UK) on a polishing pad from Buehler (Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA). All simulations were performed using the Digisim software from BASi (West Lafayette, Indiana, USA). 35, 36
4
Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Materials MoS 2 , K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ], ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, epinephrine, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. HNO 3 , HCl and H 2 SO 4 were obtained from Chempur. All chemicals used in this work were of analytical grade. Ultrapure water (Millipore) was used for preparation of solutions. The negatively charged CNP were obtained from Cabot. Positively charged CNP were prepared by earlier described procedure. 41 Polishing pad and alumina slurries were obtained from Buehler.
5
Fabrication of Microscale Devices
6
Electrochemical Sensor Development with Nanostructured Materials
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Glassy carbon electrode (3 mm diameter) was purchased from CH Instrument USA. Polishing pads were obtained from Buehler, IL, USA and Alumina micro powder (1.0, 0.3 and 0.05 μm alumina slurries) was used for polishing the Glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (95% purity, 10–20 nm); Iron(III) chloride (FeCl3), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2 · 6H2O), 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine (29H,31H-Pc), 2,3-Naphthalocyanine (2,3-Nc), dopamine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid and other reagents are of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck chemicals and LABCHEM respectively. Ultra-pure water of resistivity 18.2 MΩ was obtained from a Milli-Q Water System (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA) and was used throughout for the preparation of solutions. A phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of 7.0 was prepared with appropriate amounts of NaH2PO4 · 2H2O, Na2HPO4 · 2H2O, and H3PO4, and adjusted with 0.1 M H3PO4 or NaOH. Prepared solutions were purged with pure nitrogen to eliminate oxygen and prevent any form of external oxidation during every electrochemical experiment.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Oxides from Pomegranate
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
From pomegranate (Punica granatum L) fruit, peels were sourced and used by cleaning and drying them in the sun for few days (2–3 days). Metal precursors such as zinc acetate, copper acetate, 15 mL polyesterine graduated tubes and 0.22 μm hydrophilic filters (Whatman) were used in the synthesis and characterisation of the metal oxides while potassium bromide (KBr), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl, 3 M) were used in FTIR and electrochemical measurements. Materials and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The cleanliness of the working electrode was maintained using alumina micropolish (1.0, 0.3, and 0.05 μm alumina slurries) and polishing pads supplied by Buehler, IL, USA.
8
Electrochemical Sensing of Neurotransmitters
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Glassy carbon electrode (3 mm diameter) was purchased from CH Instrument USA. Polishing pads were obtained from Buehler, IL, USA and Alumina micro powder (1.0, 0.3 and 0.05 μm alumina slurries) was used for polishing the Glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (95% purity, 10–20 nm); Iron(III) chloride (FeCl3), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O), 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine (Pc), 2,3-Naphthalocyanine (Nc), (±)-Epinephrine hydrochloride, L-Norepinephrine hydrochloride, dopamine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid and other reagents are of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck chemicals and LABCHEM respectively. Ultra-pure water of resistivity 18.2 MΩ was obtained from a Milli-Q Water System (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA) and was used throughout for the preparation of solutions. A phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of 7.0 was prepared with appropriate amounts of NaH2PO4.2H2O, Na2HPO4.2H2O, and H3PO4, and adjusted with 0.1 M H3PO4 or NaOH. Prepared solutions were purged with pure nitrogen to eliminate oxygen and prevent any form of external oxidation during every electrochemical experiment.
About PubCompare
Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.
We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.
However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.
Ready to get started?
Sign up for free.
Registration takes 20 seconds.
Available from any computer
No download required
Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!