Fish received a commercial feed (BioMar, Denmark) (Table 1 ) with oil‐coated FLO (Nuflor, Merck animal health, USA), aiming to simulate an in situ preparation of a medicated diet. One batch of 2 kg of medicated feed was prepared by mixing 2 kg of feed, FLO (1.35 g of active compound or 4.5 ml of Nuflor, 30% active) and 100 ml fish oil for several minutes. During the trial, the experimental diet was stored at 4°C and was left to obtain ambient temperature before delivery. Fish were fed the experimental diet by hand once per day for seven consecutive days at 1.5% B.W. The amount of feed offered was calculated on a daily basis, depending on the number of fish remaining in the tanks. The dose of administered FLO was estimated to be 10 mg/kg fish/day.
Nuflor
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Netherlands
Nuflor is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is designed for conducting various scientific experiments and analyses in a laboratory setting.
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Lab products found in correlation
8 protocols using nuflor
1
Medicated Fish Feed Preparation Protocol
2
Deer Capture and Monitoring Protocol
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We used dart rifles (Pneu‐Dart, Inc., Williamsport, Pennsylvania) to capture male deer ≥1.5 years old during September 2016 to August 2018 in study area one and December 2020 to November 2021 in study area two. We anesthetized deer using a solution of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM; Zoopham, Windsor, Colorado, USA; Mich et al., 2008 (link)). We set dosages at 2.7 cc of BAM, with additional BAM administered if necessary. We attached GPS collars (Iridium Track M 3D, Lotek Wireless, Inc., Newmarket, Ontario, Canada) and uniquely numbered plastic and metal ear tags (Allflex U.S. Inc.) to each deer. Fix rates varied seasonally, but we used only fixes at four‐hour intervals for consistency across seasons. While anesthetized, we estimated age (Severinghaus, 1949 ), measured body mass, neck diameter, and Boone and Crockett antler score. We injected each deer subcutaneously with 3 cc of Nuflor (Merck Animal Health, AN Boxmeer, Netherlands) per 45 kg of body mass to prohibit possible infections. Reversal of BAM was performed using atipamezole at twice the total amount of BAM coupled with constant 0.5 cc of naltrexone. All capture methods were approved by the Mississippi State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol #16–621 and 20–339).
3
Metaphylactic Antimicrobial Treatments in Beef Cattle
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A generalized complete block design was used in which pens were assigned to one of four metaphylactic antimicrobial treatment groups. Metaphylactic treatments were administered once on day 0 and consisted of a 5 ml sterile saline negative control (CON ), florfenicol (FLR ; Nuflor; Merck Animal Health, Kenilworth, NJ; 6 ml 45 kg bw−1), ceftiofur (CEF ; Excede; Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ; 1.5 ml 45 kg bw−1) and tulathromycin (TUL ; Draxxin; Zoetis; 1.1 ml 45 kg bw−1). These metaphylactic antimicrobials were chosen because they represent the most frequently used antimicrobials in feedlot beef production, and are classed similarly to antimicrobials categorized as critically important to human medicine by the WHO (USDA, 2011 ; WHO, 2019 ). Each antimicrobial was administered according to label instruction and was assigned a postmetaphylactic interval (PMI) according to veterinary consultation. The PMI was 3 day for florfenicol, 5 day for ceftiofur and 7 day for tulathromycin; however, control cattle injected with sterile saline had no PMI and were eligible for therapeutic antimicrobial treatment on day 0.
4
Monitoring and Treating Bovine Respiratory Disease
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Steers were monitored daily for health abnormalities. Unusual observations were recorded by exception. Animals exhibiting signs of BRD, digestive disturbance, lameness, injury, or other malady were taken to a hospital facility for further evaluation, and treatment was performed, if necessary, according to the Feedyard treatment protocol. Nuflor (Merck Animal Health) was administered to steers requiring the first treatment for BRD per labelled route and dose; Advocin (Zoetis) was administered to steers requiring a second treatment for BRD per labelled route and dose. If treatment for BRD was required, and the projected shipment for slaughter was less than 50 d, Advocin was administered as the treatment for BRD, regardless of first or second treatment status. For steers removed from a pen for suspected BRD but with a rectal temperature <40 °C, a chalk mark was placed on their back, and the animal was diagnosed as a “respiratory observe” without receiving BRD treatment.
Animals were removed from the study if deemed as not growing at the same rate as pen-mates, non-responsive to BRD treatment, injured, or identified as a buller. Date, the reason for removal, and BW were recorded. A field necropsy was performed on all animals that died or were euthanized, and the date of death, and diagnosis, when determinable was recorded. Overall, 69 steers were removed from the study.
Animals were removed from the study if deemed as not growing at the same rate as pen-mates, non-responsive to BRD treatment, injured, or identified as a buller. Date, the reason for removal, and BW were recorded. A field necropsy was performed on all animals that died or were euthanized, and the date of death, and diagnosis, when determinable was recorded. Overall, 69 steers were removed from the study.
5
Florfenicol Pharmacokinetics in Steers
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This study was approved by North Carolina State University’s Intuitional Animal Care and Use Committee. All methods and animal work were carried in accordance with animal welfare guidelines and with the ARRIVE guidelines. Twelve healthy 6–7 month old steers (153.3–251.8 kg) were enrolled in the study. The steer study size was based on previous gastrointestinal pharmacokinetic studies to demonstrate differences between the two dosing regimens8 (link),23 (link),24 (link). They were judged healthy by a physical exam on presentation and had no previous documentation of any antimicrobial administration. After a 3-day period of acclimation, the steers underwent gastrointestinal surgery for a different study8 (link). At the time of surgery, steers received either intravenous flunixin meglumine (2 mg/kg, Banamine®, Merck Animal Health) or transdermal flunixin meglumine (3.3 mg/kg, Banamine® Transdermal, Merck Animal Health).
Twenty-four to 48 h after surgery, the steers were dosed with either 20 mg/kg florfenicol (Nuflor®, Merck Animal Health) intramuscularly every 48 h (n = 6) twice, or a single 40 mg/kg subcutaneous dose (n = 6). The steers were randomly assigned via number generator to either of the treatment groups. The steers were housed in pairs (one from each treatment group) and fed grass hay with supplemental grain and free access to water for the duration of the study.
Twenty-four to 48 h after surgery, the steers were dosed with either 20 mg/kg florfenicol (Nuflor®, Merck Animal Health) intramuscularly every 48 h (n = 6) twice, or a single 40 mg/kg subcutaneous dose (n = 6). The steers were randomly assigned via number generator to either of the treatment groups. The steers were housed in pairs (one from each treatment group) and fed grass hay with supplemental grain and free access to water for the duration of the study.
6
Comprehensive Calf Health Management
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Treatment of umbilical infection and arthritis as diagnosed by the investigator consisted of 2 doses of an antimicrobial drug (florfenicol, 20 mg/kg of BW i.m.; Nuflor, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ) 48 h apart, and a single application of an oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (meloxicam, 1 mg/kg of BW; Carlsbad Technology Inc., Carlsbad, CA) at the time of diagnosis. All health events and treatments were recorded on paper and entered into a database (Dairy Comp 305, Valley Agricultural Software, Tulare, CA). Calves diagnosed with pneumonia by the investigator as described above were treated with a single administration of an antimicrobial drug (tulathromycin, 2.5 mg/kg of BW s.c.; Draxxin, Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ). In addition, pneumonia was recorded by the farm personnel daily and treated accordingly. Treatment of diarrhea was administered by herd personnel and consisted of 1.9 L of an oral electrolyte solution (Electrolyte Complete, Land O'Lakes, Shoreview, MN) once or twice per day, depending on the degree of dehydration after the first treatment. Oral electrolytes were first offered in a nipple bottle and only fed with an esophageal feeding tube in case the calf refused to drink. Treatments were repeated daily until fecal consistency was either pasty or normal.
7
Calf Health Management Protocol
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The treatment of disease followed the standard operating procedures at the Trouw Nutrition Agresearch Dairy Facility. Once diarrhea was detected, calves with a fecal score above 2 (McGuirk and Peek, 2014) with milk refusals were treated with a 1-mL subcutaneous injection of meloxicam solution (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim, Burlington, ON, Canada) and oral electrolyte therapy (Calf Lyte II, Vetoquinol, Lavaltrie, QC, Canada) until scouring subsided. For respiratory disease, calves were treated with florfenicol solution (NuFlor, Merck Animal Health, Kenilworth, NJ) as per manufacturers' directions. All calves were disbudded at age of 21 d (±3 d) using an electric cauterizer (Rhinehart X30, Rhinehart, Spencerville, IN). At least 30 min before disbudding, each calf was given a 1-mL subcutaneous injection of meloxicam solution (Metacam). The cornual nerve block procedure in which 5 mL of lidocaine solution (Lido-2, Rafter 8, Calgary, AB, Canada) per horn was injected 20 min before cauterizing to minimize pain.
8
Neonatal Calf Disease Management
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Treatment of disease followed standard operating procedures on the farm. Neonatal calf diarrhea was treated with a 1-mL subcutaneous injection of meloxicam solution (Metacam; Boehringer Ingelheim, Burlington, ON, Canada), and oral electrolyte therapy (Calf Lyte II; Vetoquinol, Lavaltrie, QC, Canada) was provided as required until scouring subsided. Respiratory disease was treated with florfenicol solution (NuFlor; Merck Animal Health) as directed on the bottle. All administered medications were recorded, along with any other pertinent information, such as indicators of disease (e.g., temperature, diarrhea, bloating, dehydration).
Calves were disbudded at 21 d (±3 d) using an electric cauterizer (Rhinehart X30; Rhinehart, Spencerville, IN). Each calf was given a 1-mL subcutaneous injection of meloxicam solution (Metacam) 30 min before cauterizing. A standard cornual nerve block procedure was used to minimize pain, in which 5 mL of lidocaine solution (Lido-2; Rafter 8, Calgary, AB, Canada) per horn was injected 20 min before cauterizing.
Calves were disbudded at 21 d (±3 d) using an electric cauterizer (Rhinehart X30; Rhinehart, Spencerville, IN). Each calf was given a 1-mL subcutaneous injection of meloxicam solution (Metacam) 30 min before cauterizing. A standard cornual nerve block procedure was used to minimize pain, in which 5 mL of lidocaine solution (Lido-2; Rafter 8, Calgary, AB, Canada) per horn was injected 20 min before cauterizing.
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