suppliers and used directly as received, unless noted otherwise. The
plasmid pACYC-GroEL/ES-TF was a gift from Karl Griswold (Addgene plasmid
#83923;
Facility in the College of Chemistry at the University of California,
Berkeley, by using a PerkinElmer ICP Optima 7000 DV spectrometer.
All degassed chemicals were rendered anaerobic by equilibration overnight
in a Coy anaerobic chamber equipped with a 1.5–2.5% H2/N2 environment and a palladium catalyst. All aqueous
solutions were prepared using water purified by a Milli-Q Academic
water purifier and exhibited a conductivity of 18.2 MΩ. Genetic
sequencing was performed at the University of California, Berkeley,
DNA Sequencing Facility. Large-scale (>0.5 L) bacterial cultures
were
grown using a LEX-48 bioreactor (Epiphyte3). An Agilent 7890 GC-MS
system equipped with an HP-5MS Agilent column (30m × 0.250 mm
× 0.25 μm) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Catalysis Laboratory was used for GC-MS analysis. Nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) spectra were collected on a Bruker AVQ-400 spectrometer
at the University of California, Berkeley, College of Chemistry NMR
Facility.