6 propyl 2 thiouracil

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

6-propyl-2-thiouracil is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It functions as an inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis.

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Lab products found in correlation

9 protocols using 6 propyl 2 thiouracil

Rat Model of Hyperthyroidism and Treatment

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Rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5): normal, hyperthyroidism-induced control, the MOK-pharmacopuncture (MOK group, 0.3 or 3 mg/kg, body weight; bw) group in hyperthyroidism rats, and the 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU, Sigma-Aldrich, CA, USA) pharmacopuncture (PTU group, 10 mg/kg, bw) group in hypothyroidism rats as a reference group. Hyperthyroidism was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LT4 (0.5 mg/kg, bw). In normal rats, only saline was intraperitoneally injected (Fig. 1). After 14 days, the rats were administrated MOK pharmacopuncture into the anterior neck near the thyroid gland at a volume of 0.05 mL/rat, dissolved in saline, once daily from days 15 to 28 in LT4-induced hyperthyroidism rats. As a reference drug, PTU (6-Propyl-2-thiouracil: Sigma-Aldrich, CA, USA) 10 mg/kg (body weight) was dissolved in 0.3 ml saline, and rats were given a daily subcutaneous injection of PTU into the dorsal neck.Fig. 1

Experimental design in rat model of hyperthyroidism

Hwang J.H., Kang S.Y., Kang A.N., Jung H.W., Jung C., Jeong J.H, & Park Y.K. (2017). MOK, a pharmacopuncture medicine, regulates thyroid dysfunction in L-thyroxin-induced hyperthyroidism in rats through the regulation of oxidation and the TRPV1 ion channel. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 535.

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Analytical Standards for Thiouracil Compounds

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The analytical standards 2-thiouracil (TU), 6-dimethyl-thiouracil, 6-ethyl-thiouracil, 6-methyl-2-thiouracil, 6-propyl-2-thiouracil, and 6-phenyl-thiouracil were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), whereas the deuterated internal standard 6-propyl-2-thiouracil-d₅ (PTU-d₅) was from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada). Stock (1 mg mL^-1) and working solutions (1 and 0.1 ng μL^-1) were prepared in methanol and stored in dark glass bottles at -20°C.
Reagents were of analytical grade when used for extraction purposes and of LC-MS grade for UHPLC-MS applications. They were respectively purchased from VWR International (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was from VWR International (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and hydrogen chloride from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate buffer was adjusted to a pH of 7 and saturated with 1% of DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Ultrapure water (0.055 μS cm^-1) was obtained by means of a purified-water system (Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany).

Van Meulebroek L., Wauters J., Pomian B., Vanden Bussche J., Delahaut P., Fichant E, & Vanhaecke L. (2018). Discovery of urinary biomarkers to discriminate between exogenous and semi-endogenous thiouracil in cattle: A parallel-like randomized design. PLoS ONE, 13(4), e0195351.

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Standardized Thyroid Hormone Preparation

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The thyroid hormones L-thyroxine (T4, >98%; Sigma T2376), triiodothyronine (T3, >95%; Sigma 2877), as well as 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU, >98%; Sigma 82460), and 3,3’,5,5’-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac, >98%; Sigma T3787) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). T4 and T3 were reconstituted by solubilizing 1 mg in 1 ml NaOH (1N) and then adding this basic solution to 49 ml deionized water. Aliquots of T4 and T3 were stored as stock solutions of 25.7 and 30.7 μM, respectively, at −80°C. PTU was reconstituted by solubilizing 50 mg in 1 ml NaOH (1N) and then adding to 4 ml deionized water to make a 72.5 mM stock (1.0%) that was stored at −20°C. Tetrac was reconstituted by solubilizing 10 mg into 1.337 ml DMSO to make a 10 mM stock and stored at −20°C. Stock aliquots of T4, T3, PTU, and Tetrac were diluted at the time of exposure to yield final concentrations. Addition of these stock solutions was confirmed to not change the pH of the final treatment solutions. Analytical standards used for LC/MS/MS determination of thyroid hormones in zebrafish embryos were described previously (Chen et al., 2018b (link)).

Walter K.M., Miller G.W., Chen X., Harvey D.J., Puschner B, & Lein P.J. (2019). Changes in Thyroid Hormone Activity Disrupt Photomotor Behavior of Larval Zebrafish. Neurotoxicology, 74, 47-57.

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Preparation and Use of Chemical Reagents

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Nifedipine, glibenclamide, acetylcholine, sodium pentobarbital, bovine serum albumin (BSA), HEPES, DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT), and 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA); collagenase P, NADP disodium salt, ATP disodium salt, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Roche (Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Germany), and all other reagent-grade chemicals from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Stock solutions of Nifedipine and glibenclamide, were prepared in ethanol and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and the other substances were dissolved in H₂O or directly added into the incubation media.

Godini A., Ghasemi A, & Zahediasl S. (2015). The Possible Mechanisms of the Impaired Insulin Secretion in Hypothyroid Rats. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0131198.

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Zebrafish Thyroid Hormone Exposure

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Thyroid hormones L-thyroxine (T4>98%; Sigma T2376) and triiodothyronine (T3>95%; Sigma 2877), and 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU>98%; Sigma 82460) used for chemical treatment of zebrafish, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). T4 and T3 were reconstituted by solubilizing 1 mg in 1 mL NaOH (1N) and then adding this basic solution to 49 mL deionized water. Aliquots of T4 and T3 were stored as stock solutions of 25.7 and 30.7 µM, respectively, at −80 °C. PTU was reconstituted by solubilizing 50 mg in 1 mL NaOH (1N) and then adding to 4 mL deionized water to make a 72.5 mM stock (1.0%) and stored at −20 °C. Stock aliquots of T4, T3, and PTU were diluted to yield final concentrations at the time of exposure. Analytical standards used for LC/MS/MS determination of thyroid hormones in zebrafish larvae were described previously (Chen et al., 2018 ).

Walter K.M., Miller G.W., Chen X., Yaghoobi B., Puschner B, & Lein P.J. (2018). Effects of Thyroid Hormone Disruption on the Ontogenetic Expression of Thyroid Hormone Signaling Genes in Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio). General and comparative endocrinology, 272, 20-32.

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Zebrafish Embryo Chemical Exposure

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The following chemicals purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Deisenhofen, Germany) were used for the exposure of zebrafish embryos: 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA, purity ≥98%), N, N’-ethylenethiourea (purity ≥98%), methimazole (purity ≥99%), phloroglucinol (purity ≥99%), potassium perchlorate (purity ≥99%), 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU, analytical standard grade), pyrazole (purity ≥98%), resorcinol (purity ≥99%). For CAS numbers see Table 1. Log D values were obtained from chemspider (http://www.chemspider.com).

Jarque S., Fetter E., Veneman W.J., Spaink H.P., Peravali R., Strähle U, & Scholz S. (2018). An automated screening method for detecting compounds with goitrogenic activity using transgenic zebrafish embryos. PLoS ONE, 13(8), e0203087.

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Analytical Characterization of Reagents

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Mannose, myo‐inositol, carboxymethyl‐cellulose, tannic acid, apple pectin (with 50%–75% esterification; 93,854), quinine sulfate salts, 6‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil, and citric acid (A.C.S reagent) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol (anhydrous), pyridine, acetyl chloride, and HPLC‐grade water were purchased from EMD Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA). N‐Methyl‐N (trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide was purchased from Regis Technologies (Morton Grove, IL, USA). Tartaric acid was obtained from SAFC (St. Louis, MO, USA), and peptone, yeast extract, and yeast/mold broth were purchased from Becton, Dickson, and Company (Sparks, MD, USA). Dextrose was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Agar was obtained from Acros Organics (Morris, NJ, USA).

Paup V.D., Aplin J.J., Potter R.I., Edwards C.G., Lee J, & Ross C.F. (2022). Sensory properties of 6‐ and 18‐month‐stored wines made with pectinase‐producing non‐Saccharomyces yeasts. Journal of Food Science, 88(1), 462-476.

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Comparative Evaluation of Sweetener Types

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Sweeteners used in the study were 95% Reb A (ENLITEN^® 30000015 High Intensity Sweetener, Ingredion, Westchester, IL), 95% Reb D (BESTEVIA^® Reb D stevia leaf sweetener, Ingredion, Westchester, IL), 95% Reb M (BESTEVIA^® Reb M stevia leaf sweetener, Ingredion, Westchester, IL, USA), and sucrose (Smidge & Spoon^TM, Kroger, Cincinnati, OH, USA). PROP (6-Propyl-2-thiouracil, #P3755, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and filter papers (1.5 dia. cm, VWR Scientific Products, West Chester, PA, USA) were used to make paper disks for supertaster screening.

Tao R, & Cho S. (2020). Consumer-Based Sensory Characterization of Steviol Glycosides (Rebaudioside A, D, and M). Foods, 9(8), 1026.

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Maternal Hypothyroidism Model: Offspring Effects

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The model of antenatal/early postnatal hypothyroidism Detailed description of our maternal hypothyroidism model was provided recently. 10 Briefly, pregnant dams were randomly divided into two groups. One group (n = 5) was treated with 6propyl-2-thiouracil in the drinking water (PTU, 7 ppm or 0.0007%, w/v, Sigma) from the first gestational day until 14 th day after delivery. Control group (n = 4) received water without PTU. One or two 2-week-old pups were taken from each litter to evaluate the effects of PTU treatment at this age (n = 6;6). The remaining offspring was grown up till the mature age of 10-12 weeks and one or two male sibs from each litter were used in further wire myography experiments. The rats were killed by decapitation under CO 2 anesthesia and trunk blood was collected. The saphenous, sural (external and internal) and small mesenteric arteries (2-3-order branches of the superior mesenteric artery) were isolated from the animals and used for wire myography and qPCR experiments. Additionally, adult males (n = 7; 7) from the same litters were used to obtain the material for protein phosphorylation measurements in sural arteries.

Gaynullina D.K., Sofronova S.I., Shvetsova A.A., Selivanova E.K., Sharova A.P., Martyanov A.A, & Tarasova O.S. (2018). Antenatal/early postnatal hypothyroidism increases the contribution of Rho-kinase to contractile responses of mesenteric and skeletal muscle arteries in adult rats. Pediatric research, 84(1).

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