DLS samples were analyzed in a Malvern Panalytical Zetasizer NanoZS (Spectris PLC, Surrey, England) equipped with a He–Ne orange laser (633 nm, max 4 mW). Data was analyzed with Malvern software, version 7.12. The reaction vial from each nano-emulsion synthesis was undisturbed for 1 h prior to analysis. Aliquots of 50 μL of the supernatant from the aqueous phase were transferred and diluted in disposable polystyrol/polystyrene cuvettes (REF: 67.754, 10 × 10 × 45 mm, Sarsted, Germany) in a 1 : 40 dilution ratio with nanopure water. The refractive index used for the sample was 1.372, which corresponds to TiO2 in water. This value was determined by measuring an aliquot of TiO2 stock solution with a Mettler Toledo Refracto 30GS (Mettler Toledo, Columbus, OH).
Refracto 30gs
Manufactured by Mettler Toledo
Sourced in Australia, France, Switzerland
The Refracto 30GS is a digital refractometer designed for laboratory use. It measures the refractive index of liquid samples. The instrument provides accurate and reliable measurements and is suitable for a variety of applications that require the determination of the refractive index.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Usb4000, by OceanOptics (1 mentions)
Fpc032, by Thorlabs (1 mentions)
S230 sevencompact conductivity meter, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
Lambda 35 uv vis spectrophotometer, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Cr 400 410, by Konica Minolta (1 mentions)
Wiley mill, by Thomas Scientific (1 mentions)
Al204, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
9 protocols using refracto 30gs
1
Characterizing TiO2 Nanoparticle Properties
2
Characterization of Nano-Ca@ZOLE Synthesis
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Samples resulting from the synthesis of nano-Ca@ZOLE were analyzed using a Malvern Panalytical Zetasizer NanoZS equipped with a He–Ne orange laser (633 nm, max 4 mW) (Spectris PLC, Surrey, England). Data were analyzed with Malvern software version 7.12. Aliquots of 50 μL of the supernatant from the aqueous phase were diluted (1 : 20) with 10% FBS in PBS and transferred to disposable polystyrol/polystyrene cuvettes (REF: 67.754 10 × 10 × 45 mm, Sarsted, Germany). The refractive index of ZOLE in water is 1.333. This value was determined by measuring an aliquot of 2.5 mg mL−1 ZOLE stock solution with a Mettler Toledo Refracto 30GS (Mettler Toledo, Columbus, OH).
For the aggregation measurements, the same procedure was followed for sample preparation. The prepared sample remained undisturbed near the zetasizer for 30 min prior to measurements. Size measurements were performed in the dispersant after 0, 24 and 48 h of sample preparation. Sample equilibration inside the instrument at room temperature (25 °C) was performed for 2 min before measurements.
For the aggregation measurements, the same procedure was followed for sample preparation. The prepared sample remained undisturbed near the zetasizer for 30 min prior to measurements. Size measurements were performed in the dispersant after 0, 24 and 48 h of sample preparation. Sample equilibration inside the instrument at room temperature (25 °C) was performed for 2 min before measurements.
3
Refractive Index Evaluation of Emulsions
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Refractive index measurements were used to evaluate the four emulsions: those without API and those with API. One drop of each emulsion was placed on a slide, and refractive indices were measured using a refractometer (Refracto 30GS, Mettler Toledo). The test was repeated five times, and the value was averaged.
4
Reflectance Spectra Acquisition and Analysis
5
Refractometer Characterization of SnO2 Sensor
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The setup shown on Fig. 5 was used for the refractometer characterization. Here, the light from a broadband super luminescent emitting diode (HP 83437 A) source goes through an in-fiber linear polarizer (Phoenix Photonics), then through a manual polarization controller (Thorlabs FPC032). The output of the polarization controller is connected to the SnO2 coated side-polished fiber. Finally, the output of the D-shape fiber is connected to an Optical Spectrum Analyzer (HP 86142 A) where data is collected. The resulting spectra were then processed with an algorithm in Matlab in order to obtain the corresponding peak wavelengths.![]()
Setup used for the characterization of the sensor as refractometer. It allows controlling the state of polarization of the light guided through the sensitive region and monitor the output spectrum.
6
Kombucha Physicochemical Properties Analysis
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Triplicate measurements were taken from distinct batches for each of the kombucha base samples. Water content and total soluble solids was measured with a Refracto 30GS (Mettler Toledo, Melbourne, Australia) and converted accordingly using the Chetaway Table [10 ]. Electrical conductivity was measured on SevenCompact Conductivity Meter S230 (Mettler Toledo, Melbourne, Australia) at 20 °C in 20% (w/v) kombucha solution in Milli-Q water. Ash content was obtained by placing 5 mL of kombucha in a crucible (Labec, Sydney, Australia) and heating at 600 °C overnight in a muffle furnace. pH measurement of kombucha solution was performed using a pH meter. Visual colour was assessed following a method described by [11 (link)]. A chromameter CR400/410 (Konica Minolta, New South Wales, Australia) was used for CIE L∗, a∗, b∗ measurements of kombucha samples, where L∗: lightness, −a∗: greenness, a∗: redness and b∗: yellowness, as compared with the white tile background. Colour intensity of 50% (v/v) kombucha solution, filtered through 0.45 µm filter to remove any coarse particles, was measured as described by [12 (link)]. Spectrophotometric absorbance was taken at 450 nm using a Lambda 35 UV–vis spectrophotometer from Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA).
7
Sugarcane Aphid Resistance in Sweet Sorghum
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The field experiment
was conducted in Tifton, GA in 2017. The experimental design was a
split-plot with three replications, where planting dates (April, May,
and June) were the main plot factor and 24 sweet sorghum cultivars
(Table S1 ) were randomly assigned to subplots.
Sugarcane aphid damage was rated biweekly on six occasions. Damage
was rated on a scale of 1–9, where 1 represents no damage and
9 represents dead plants, similar to the scale described by Sharma
et al.25 (link) Each subplot was harvested when
it reached the hard-dough stage of maturity (when the stem sugar content
typically peaks). Three representative stalks were harvested from
each subplot, panicles and leaves were removed, and juice was extracted
from the stems by passing twice through a portable three-roller mill
(Sor-Cane Porta-Press, McClune, Reynolds, GA). Juice samples were
immediately frozen after measuring the soluble solids concentration
(Brix) using a digital refractometer (Refracto 30GS, Mettler-Toledo,
Columbus, OH). The bagasse portion was dried to completion at 60 °C,
ground in a Wiley mill (Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ), and sieved
(<2 mm). Additional details about the field experiment and chemical
analysis of juice samples are given in Section SI of theSupporting Information and were described in
detail previously.8 (link),9 (link),19 (link)
was conducted in Tifton, GA in 2017. The experimental design was a
split-plot with three replications, where planting dates (April, May,
and June) were the main plot factor and 24 sweet sorghum cultivars
(
Sugarcane aphid damage was rated biweekly on six occasions. Damage
was rated on a scale of 1–9, where 1 represents no damage and
9 represents dead plants, similar to the scale described by Sharma
et al.25 (link) Each subplot was harvested when
it reached the hard-dough stage of maturity (when the stem sugar content
typically peaks). Three representative stalks were harvested from
each subplot, panicles and leaves were removed, and juice was extracted
from the stems by passing twice through a portable three-roller mill
(Sor-Cane Porta-Press, McClune, Reynolds, GA). Juice samples were
immediately frozen after measuring the soluble solids concentration
(Brix) using a digital refractometer (Refracto 30GS, Mettler-Toledo,
Columbus, OH). The bagasse portion was dried to completion at 60 °C,
ground in a Wiley mill (Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ), and sieved
(<2 mm). Additional details about the field experiment and chemical
analysis of juice samples are given in Section SI of the
detail previously.8 (link),9 (link),19 (link)
8
Fruit Maturity and Damage Relationship
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In order to determine the relationship between the degree of maturity of the fruits and the rate of fruit damage, the Brix index of the fruits was measured using a universal hand refractometer (Refracto 30GS, Mettler, France). The Brix index was measured for a single fruit and was repeated for a total of 60 randomly selected fruits per plot. The Brix index was measured weekly from April 26 to June 5, 2015.
9
Fruit Quality Characterization Protocol
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After the fruit samples were processed, the single fruit weight and the fruit horizontal diameter (H), longitudinal diameter (D), and pericarp thickness were determined using an electronic scale (AL204, Mettler-Toledo Instruments Ltd., Switzerland) and a Vernier caliper (0.02 mm), respectively; the longitudinal diameter is measured from the bottom to the top of the fruit, the horizontal diameter is measured at the equatorial surface of the fruit, and the fruit shape index = H/D is then calculated. The soluble solids content of the juice solution was determined with a portable refractometer (Refracto30GS, Mettler-Toledo Instruments Ltd., Switzerland), the vitamin C content was determined by titration with 2,6-dichloroindophenol, and the titratable acid content was determined by titration with a 0.1 mol⋅L–1 NaOH solution (Ruck, 1961 ; Khan et al., 2020 (link)).
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