Apigenin 7 o glucoside

DPPH, ABTS, Trolox, fluorescein sodium salt, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS, from Escherichia coli O111:B4) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Morin, quercetin 3‐O‐rhamnoside, kaempferol, apigenin 7‐O‐glucoside, and apigenin 7‐O‐rutinoside were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.. TNF‐α and IL‐6 ELISA kits were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd.. NIO detection kit were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd.. The antibodies for β‐actin, p65, p‐p65, IκB, p‐IκB, iNOS, COX‐2, and HO‐1 were supplied by Proteintech.

All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade unless stated otherwise. Trolox, gallic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and 2,4,6-tris (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standard compounds such as hydroxytyrosol, esculin, taxifolin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, chlorogenic acid, plantamajoside, rutin, eriodictyol, tiliroside, apigenin-7-O-neohesperidoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, oleuropein, secoxyloganin, asiatic acid, oleanonic acid, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). For chromatography analysis, HPLC-grade acetonitrile and acetic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and Alfa Aesar (Shanghai, China), respectively. Ultrapure water supplied by a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used throughout the experiments.

Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC grade) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water was made using a Direct-Q 8 UV-R water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Standard components of chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid C, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid, sinapic acid, luteolin, apigenin, luteoloside, rutin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, loganin, vogeloside were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).