The conditioned stimuli consisted of two Gabor patches (diameter: 8° visual angle; spatial frequency: 2.1 Hz with randomized spatial phase; contrast ratio: 0.75): one oriented 45° from the horizontal (which was referred to as the ‘rightward’ oriented patch) and one oriented 135° from the horizontal (which was referred to as the ‘leftward’ oriented patch). Whenever a Gabor was presented it flashed on and off at a rate of 2 Hz (1,750 ms on, 250 ms off) with a random spatial phase to avoid adaptation85 (link). We chose to use Gabor stimuli as previous research demonstrated that they are sensitive to the effects of emotion86 (link) and they can be decoded from early visual cortex when being imagined33 (link). The unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of a 500 ms (at 50 Hz) mild electric shock delivered to the fingertips of the ring and pinky fingers of the left hand13 (link), administered using E13-22 (Coulbourn Instruments, Allentown, PA), and included MR-compatible leads and electrodes (BIOPAC systems, CA), and a grounded RF filter. The schedule of stimulus presentation was delivered with Psychtoolbox-387 (link),88 (link) in MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). The auditory instructions were created from http://www.fromtexttospeech.com (language: US English, Voice: Heather, Speed: medium) and delivered using Sensimetric MRI-compatible Insert Earphones89 (link).
E13 22
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4 protocols using e13 22
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Gabor Stimuli and Aversive Conditioning
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Spatial Detection Task with Conditioned Stimuli
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Two tones (500 Hz and 800 Hz) served as conditioned stimuli (i.e., CSs). We used 270 house/building place images obtained from several websites, and 240 color photographs of various real-world objects obtained from a previously published set of object stimuli [52 ]. All stimuli were gray-scaled and normalized to the mean luminance of all images. In the main spatial detection task, one object and one place image were randomly selected from the stimuli pool (each participant saw 160 object and 160 place stimuli from the larger pool of stimuli). The mild electric shock used as an unconditioned stimulus (US) was delivered to the third and fourth fingers of the left hand via a shock stimulator (E13-22; Coulbourn Instruments, Allentown, PA), which included a grounded RF filter. The PsychToolbox extension [53 (link); 54 (link)] of Matlab 2010b (The MathWorks Corp. Natrick, MA) controlled stimuli presentation and data collection.
3
Spatial Detection Task with Conditioned Stimuli
4
Gabor Patch Conditioning and Emotion Decoding
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The conditioned stimuli consisted of two Gabor patches (diameter: 8° visual angle; spatial frequency: 2.1 Hz with randomized spatial phase; contrast ratio: 0.75): one oriented 45° from the horizontal (which was referred to as the 'rightward' oriented patch) and one oriented 135° from the horizontal (which was referred to as the 'leftward' oriented patch). Whenever a
Gabor was presented it flashed on and off at a rate of 2Hz (1,750ms on, 250ms off) with a random spatial phase to avoid adaptation [85] . We chose to use Gabor stimuli as previous research demonstrated that they are sensitive to the effects of emotion [86] and they can be decoded from early visual cortex when being imagined [33] . The unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of a 500ms (at 50Hz) mild electric shock delivered to the fingertips of the ring and pinky fingers of the left hand [13] , administered using E13-22 (Coulbourn Instruments, Allentown, PA), and included MR-compatible leads and electrodes (BIOPAC systems, CA), and a grounded RF filter. The schedule of stimulus presentation was delivered with Psychtoolbox-3 [87, 88] in MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). The auditory instructions were created from www.fromtexttospeech.com (language: US English, Voice: Heather, Speed: medium) and delivered using Sensimetric MRI-compatible Insert Earphones [89] .
Gabor was presented it flashed on and off at a rate of 2Hz (1,750ms on, 250ms off) with a random spatial phase to avoid adaptation [85] . We chose to use Gabor stimuli as previous research demonstrated that they are sensitive to the effects of emotion [86] and they can be decoded from early visual cortex when being imagined [33] . The unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of a 500ms (at 50Hz) mild electric shock delivered to the fingertips of the ring and pinky fingers of the left hand [13] , administered using E13-22 (Coulbourn Instruments, Allentown, PA), and included MR-compatible leads and electrodes (BIOPAC systems, CA), and a grounded RF filter. The schedule of stimulus presentation was delivered with Psychtoolbox-3 [87, 88] in MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). The auditory instructions were created from www.fromtexttospeech.com (language: US English, Voice: Heather, Speed: medium) and delivered using Sensimetric MRI-compatible Insert Earphones [89] .
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