Geneseek

A total of 1-2 micrograms of dried DNA was sent to GeneSeek (Neogen Corporation, NE, USA) to obtain 22 K potato V3 SNP array data. Using a diploid genotype model, AA, AB, and BB were converted to the ordinal variables 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) using the software JMP Pro 14.0.0 (SAS Institute Inc.). The 8 K SNP array data for 247 diverse collections, consisting mostly of North American varieties and breeding clones, 25 genetic stocks, and 12 wild species, were obtained from the literature (Hirsch et al. 2013) . The 8 K SNP data for almost all Japanese varieties were also available in Igarashi et al. (2019) . As all informative SNP loci of the 8 K SNP array were included among the 22 K SNP locus data, PGEL clones were further evaluated with these diverse collections using the 8 K SNP data. To evaluate the extent of within-and between-population differences, genotype data 1, 2, and 3 were treated as categorical variables, and the dissimilarities between genotypes were calculated as Euclidean distances. An overall mean of pairwise Euclidean distances was obtained for both within and between populations.

To minimize familial relatedness of individuals, we asked field personnel to collect samples from swine removed from as many different locations as possible and to avoid sampling individuals captured in the same location on the same day. As described previously (McCann et al. 2014 , Sweitzer et al. 2015) , blood samples were air dried on FTA cards (Whatman, Florham Park, NJ, USA) and stored at room temperature until processing. Other somatic tissues (skin, muscle, and bone) were stored at À208C until processing. Hairs ($30 shafts with follicles) were pulled from pig carcasses with pliers, placed on collection cards (GeneSeek, a Neogen Corporation, NE, USA), and stored at room temperature. This work was exempted from review by the University of North Dakota Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee because samples were collected ancillary to legally authorized management programs (e.g., agency cooperative agreements, management plans, depredation permits, and hunter harvest).