Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour. cultivars ‘Chuliang’) fruit was obtained from a local commercial orchard in Gaozhou, Guangdong province, China. Fruits without visible damage and diseases were manually harvested at maturity stage in August 2016. Viscozyme L from Aspergillus aculeatus, purchased from Novo Nordisk Ferment Ltd. (Dittingen, Switzerland), was used for the enzymatic treatment of longan pulp. 1-kestose, nystose, sucrose, glucose and fructose standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Pty. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Streptococus thermophilus CICC 6223, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii CICC 6045 were purchased from Microbial Culture Collection Center of Guangdong Institute of Microbiology (GIMCC, Guangzhou, China). Other reagents were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) or commercial sources in Guangzhou.
1 kestose
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
1-kestose is a type of oligosaccharide, a carbohydrate composed of a small number of monosaccharide units. It is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants and microorganisms. 1-kestose serves as a core structural component in the synthesis and analysis of related compounds.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Nystose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sucrose, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Maltose, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Fructose, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Rhamnose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Raffinose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Galactose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Stachyose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Myricetin, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
Epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hesperidin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Epicatechin gallate, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
Kaempferol 3 glucoside, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
Procyanidin a2, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
Procyanidin b2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cis resveratrol, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Procyanidin b1, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
3.3 diaminobenzidine tetrachloride, by Vector Laboratories (1 mentions)
6 protocols using 1 kestose
1
Enzymatic Treatment of Longan Pulp
2
Diverse Bacterial Levan Characterization
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Seven different levans were used in this study: 1) levan synthesized from 1.2 M (410.8 g/L) sucrose by levansucrase Lsc3 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato; 2) levan synthesized from 0.3 M (151.3 g/L) raffinose by Lsc3 of P. syringae; 3) levan synthesized from 1.2 M (410.8 g/L) sucrose by the Lsc3Asp300Asn (D300N) mutant of P. syringae; 4) levan of Zymomonas mobilis 113S (kindly provided by Dr. A. Vigants, University of Latvia, Latvia); 5) levan (L8647) of Erwinia herbicola (Pantoea agglomerans) from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany); 6) levan from Halomonas smyrnensis (a gift from Prof. E.T. Öner, Marmara University, Turkey; isolated as in [36 ]); 7) levan from timothy grass (a gift from Dr. A. Kasperowicz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland; isolated as in [37 ]). Levans of Z. mobilis, E. herbicola and H. smyrnensis are all produced from sucrose. 1-kestose, nystose, stachyose and inulin from dahlia were from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany), FOS-preparations P95 and Synergy1 were from Beneo (Belgium), xylooligosaccharide mixture was from Sweet Town Biotech (Taiwan) and raffinose was from Naxo (Estonia).
3
Quantification of Metabolites and Bioactive Compounds
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External standards for 1-kestose, nystose, raffinose, glucose, fructose, rhamnose, maltose and for citric tartaric, lactic and acetic acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). External standards for formic and succinic acids were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, HE, Germany). External standards for procyanidin A2, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, kaempferol 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside (rutin), quercetin 3-glucoside, myricetin, came from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). cis-Resveratrol and trans-resveratrol were obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). External standards of the phenolics: gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, trans-caftaric acid, caffeic acid, hesperidin, naringenin, procyanidin B1, catechin, epicatechin and procyanidin B2, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile, methanol, potassium persulfate, gallic acid and ethyl alcohol were obtained from Merck. The ultrapure water was obtained using a Marte Científica purification system (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The chromogen 3,3′diaminobenzidine tetrachloride was purchased from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA, USA). All antibodies used in this study were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, UK). All chemical reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade.
4
Soluble Carbohydrate Analysis by GC
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The soluble carbohydrates were analyzed using a high-resolution gas chromatography method described previously [93 (link)]. Briefly, sugars were extracted from 40–42 mg of dry pulverized tissues with 50% ethanol containing xylitol as the internal standard. After heating (at 90 °C for 30 min), the homogenate was centrifuged (20,000× g for 20 min at 4 °C) and aliquots of clear supernatant were filtered using micro-spin filters (PVDF, 0.2 μm, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK). A part of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a speed vacuum rotary evaporator (JW Electronic, Warsaw, Poland). Carbohydrates were derivatized with a mixture of trimethylsilyl imidazole and pyridine (1:1, v/v), and TMS derivatives of soluble carbohydrates were analyzed in a gas chromatograph (GC 2010, Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with a Zebron ZB-1 capillary column (15 m length, 0.25 mm diameter, 0.1 μm film, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) and flame-ionization detector, at conditions described earlier [98 (link)]. Carbohydrates were quantified by using original standards of glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, maltotriose, 1-kestose, MIN, DCI and PIN (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA).
5
Carbohydrate Standards Acquisition
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Water (MilliQ), sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide 50% w/w, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, raffinose, maltose, 1-kestose, and 1-nystose analytical standards were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) with the highest purity degree (>99%). Inulin from chicory roots was purchased by Beneo (Mannheim, Germany).
6
Carbohydrate Analysis by TLC
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The non-fermented MRS IRC and MRS CI as well as the fermented culture supernatants were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Samples of 2 mL were drawn at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h and centrifuged (10 min, 5000 x g) and the supernatant were stored at -20 °C until their TLC analysis. This assay was performed on Silica-gel 60 plates (Merck, Germany) using butanol:isopropanol:water:acetic acid (7:5:4:2) as mobile phase (Lingyun et al., 2007) . Carbohydrates were visualized as spots by spraying a solution of p-amino benzoic acid (7 g L -1 ) and ophosphoric acid (30 g L -1 ) in methanol (Zweig & Sherma, 1978 ) and heating at 100 °C for 10 min. Standards of fructose, sucrose, 1-kestose, nystose (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) 0.05% (w/v) were employed.
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