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11 protocols using alexa fluor conjugated antibody

1

Western Blot Protein Detection Protocol

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For western blot analysis, cells were harvested at 60–70% confluency and lysed with Laemmli buffer (2× concentrated) with 2 mM PMSF, 10 μg/ml aprotinin, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, 5 mM EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 2 mM Na4P2O7, 5 mM NaF, and 5 mM Na3VO4. Samples with equal amounts of protein were loaded per well, resolved in SDS–PAGE and then transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane. The membranes were blocked for 1 h in 5% skimmed milk and probed with specific primary antibodies at 4°C. Appropriate secondary Alexa Fluor®-conjugated antibodies (680 or 790 nm) (Jackson ImmunoResearch, #111-625-144, #715-655-150) and Odyssey® CLx imaging system (LI-COR® Biosciences) were used to detect protein bands.
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2

Immunofluorescence Staining of Neuronal Markers

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Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 h, then permeabilized and blocked with 0.1% of Triton X-100 and 5 % donkey serum (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA) to reduce nonspecific background. After an overnight incubation at 4°C with the primary antibodies [anti-β-tubulin III (StemCell Technology, 60100AD), anti-Map2a (Abcam, ab5392), and anti-Thy1 (Abcam, ab133350)], cells were washed with PBS and incubated with secondary AlexaFluor-conjugated antibodies appropriate for the species (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, 1:500).
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3

Immunofluorescence and RNA FISH Analysis of Nuclear Bodies

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IF experiments were carried out on cells grown on coverslips. Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS. Coverslips were incubated with primary antibodies in 3%BSA for 1 hr at room temperature: anti-Coilin (Abcam, AB11822, 25ng/mL); anti-TCAB1 (Venteicher et al., 2009 (link), 25 ng/mL). Coverslips were washed 3x with PBS and incubated with secondary Alexa Fluor conjugated antibodies (Jackson Immunoresearch). Coverslips were washed 3x in PBS, counterstained in a 300 nM DAPI solution and mounted in ProLong Gold Anti-fade Mountant.
RNA FISH experiments to detect hTR, U93scaRNA, U2 snRNA or U13 snoRNA were performed with Custom Stellarisâ FISH Probes (SMF-1000 Series; Quasar 570 conjugated, 75 nM working concentration) from Biosearch Technologies, following the manufacturer’s protocol. Probe sequences are listed in the Key Resources Table. Coverslips were mounted in 2x SSC for analysis. Images were captured on a Leica wide-field fluorescence microscope and processed using Leica LAS AF and Photoshop. Error bars, S.E.M, and significance were calculated by one-way ANOVA with GraphPad Prism.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of ICH in Mice

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Mice were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 mM PBS (pH 7.4). Brains were harvested and cryoprotected in 30% (wt/vol) sucrose solution for 24 h. The brain tissues were then frozen with OCT compound (Sakura Finetek, Inc., Torrance, CA, USA). The sections were blocked with 10% (vol/vol) normal donkey serum for 1 h, followed by overnight incubation (4 °C) with the following primary antibodies: rat anti-MBP (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), mouse anti-SMI32 (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), rabbit anti-Iba1 (Wako, Tokyo, Japan), goat anti-CD206 (Abcam), and rat anti-CD16/32 (Abcam). All the primary antibodies used are listed in Table S2. The appropriate Alexa Fluor-conjugated antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., West Grove, PA, USA) were used as secondary antibodies. Finally, the fluoroshield with DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used to mount the cover slides. Cell numbers were calculated per square millimeter from 2 random microscopic fields on 4 sections (a total of eight images) cut through the STR. All procedures were performed in a blinded fashion. The fluorescence intensity of MBP and SMI32 was measured to demonstrate axonal damage after ICH.
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5

Immunofluorescence Localization of SMN, Coilin, and TCAB1

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Immunofluorescence experiments were carried out on cells grown on coverslips. Cells were fixed with 4% PFA and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS. Coverslips were incubated with primary antibodies in 3% BSA for 1 h at room temperature: monoclonal anti-SMN (05-1532 Sigma-Aldrich clone 2B1, 1:1000); rabbit anti-Coilin (H300 Santa Cruz SC-32860, 200 μg/ml); rabbit anti-TCAB1 ((49 (link)), 25 ng/ml). Coverslips were washed three times with PBS and incubated with secondary Alexa Fluor-conjugated antibodies (Jackson Immunoresearch). Coverslips were washed three times in PBS, counterstained in a 300 nM 4′­,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) solution and mounted in ProLong Gold Anti-fade Mountant. Images were captured on a Leica wide-field fluorescence microscope and processed using Leica LAS AF and Photoshop.
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6

Immunofluorescence Staining of FLAG-tagged Cells

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Cells were grown on chamber slides (Fisher, 12-565-7), fixed with 10% Formalin and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS. Slides were then incubated with primary antibody (rabbit anti-FLAG, Sigma F7425 at 1:1000) in 1% BSA (Jackson Immunoresearch, 001-000-161) for 1 hr at room temperature. Slides were washed 3x with PBS and incubated with secondary Alexa Fluor-conjugated antibodies (Jackson Immunoresearch, 625 ng/ml) in 1% BSA for 45 min at room temp. Slides were again washed 3x with PBS and mounted in ProLong Gold with DAPI (Thermo Fisher P36931).
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7

Immunofluorescence and RNA FISH Analysis of Nuclear Bodies

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IF experiments were carried out on cells grown on coverslips. Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS. Coverslips were incubated with primary antibodies in 3%BSA for 1 hr at room temperature: anti-Coilin (Abcam, AB11822, 25ng/mL); anti-TCAB1 (Venteicher et al., 2009 (link), 25 ng/mL). Coverslips were washed 3x with PBS and incubated with secondary Alexa Fluor conjugated antibodies (Jackson Immunoresearch). Coverslips were washed 3x in PBS, counterstained in a 300 nM DAPI solution and mounted in ProLong Gold Anti-fade Mountant.
RNA FISH experiments to detect hTR, U93scaRNA, U2 snRNA or U13 snoRNA were performed with Custom Stellarisâ FISH Probes (SMF-1000 Series; Quasar 570 conjugated, 75 nM working concentration) from Biosearch Technologies, following the manufacturer’s protocol. Probe sequences are listed in the Key Resources Table. Coverslips were mounted in 2x SSC for analysis. Images were captured on a Leica wide-field fluorescence microscope and processed using Leica LAS AF and Photoshop. Error bars, S.E.M, and significance were calculated by one-way ANOVA with GraphPad Prism.
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8

Quantifying Myocardial Microvasculature

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Frozen myocardium was sectioned (10-m-thickness) and fixed in 10% formalin for 10 minutes. Sections were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline for 1 hour at room temperature and incubated with antibodies against porcine endothelial marker CD-31 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and smooth muscle actin (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), followed by the appropriate alexa-fluor conjugated antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) for 45 minutes. Slides were then mounted with DAPI-containing medium Vectashield (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Images were captured at X20 magnification with a Nikon E800 Eclipse microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) at the same exposure in three random fields. Capillaries were defined as structures between 5-25 m2 in cross-sectional area and arterioles were defined by co-localization of smooth muscle actin (red) and CD-31 (green) staining. Arteriolar density and capillary density was measured using Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). The percent capillary and arteriolar density for each animal was averaged from the three randomly selected myocardial tissue sections.
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9

Myocardial Notch Signaling Pathway

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Frozen myocardium was sectioned (10-m-thickness) and fixed in 10% formalin for 10 minutes. Sections were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline for 1 hour at room temperature and incubated with antibodies against Notch2, Notch3, Notch4 or Jagged1 (Cell Signaling) and smooth muscle actin (SMA, Sigma Aldrich) co-staining, followed by the appropriate alexa-fluor conjugated antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 45 minutes. Slides were then mounted with Vectashield. Images were captured at X20 magnification with a Nikon E800 Eclipse microscope at the same exposure in three random fields. Immunofluorescence mean intensity was measured using Image J software. The immunofluorescence mean intensity for each animal was averaged from the three randomly selected myocardial tissue sections.
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10

Quantifying Myocardial Vascular Density

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Frozen myocardium was sectioned (12-μm-thickness) and fixed in 10% formalin for 10 minutes. Sections were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline for 1 hour at room temperature and incubated with antibodies against porcine endothelial marker CD-31 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and smooth muscle actin (SMA, Sigma Aldrich), followed by the appropriate alexa-fluor conjugated antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 45 minutes. Slides were then mounted with Vectashield with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Images were captured at X20 magnification with a Nikon E800 Eclipse microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) at the same exposure in three random fields. Capillaries were defined as structures between 5-25μm2 (link) in cross-sectional area and arterioles were defined by co-localization of SMA and CD-31 staining. Arteriolar density and capillary density was measured using Image J software in a blinded fashion. The percent capillary and arteriolar density for each animal was averaged from the three randomly selected myocardial tissue sections.
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