Following survival surgeries, muscle layers were sutured with 4–0 silk sutures (Covidien) and the skin was closed with surgical staples (Braintree Scientific). The surface of the skin was treated with a topical iodine solution. Immediately following the procedure, rats were treated with 5-ml subcutaneous injections of lactated Ringer’s solution (Hospira), buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.05 mg/kg; Hospira) and cefazolin (6 mg; Hospira). Rats were then placed in a clean cage on a surgical heating pad set to 37°C (Gaymar). At 12 and 24 h after surgery, each rat was given an additional dose of buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.05 mg/kg) and 5 ml of lactated Ringer’s solution and monitored for pain/distress.
Lactated ringer s solution
Manufactured by Pfizer
Sourced in United States
Lactated Ringer's solution is a sterile, isotonic, electrolyte solution commonly used for intravenous (IV) fluid replacement. It contains a balanced mixture of sodium, potassium, calcium, and lactate ions, which help maintain the body's electrolyte and fluid balance. This solution is primarily used to prevent or treat dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
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Lab products found in correlation
Morphine, by Baxter (2 mentions)
Surgical staples, by Braintree Scientific (1 mentions)
Buprenorphine hydrochloride, by Pfizer (1 mentions)
Cefazolin, by Pfizer (1 mentions)
Heparin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Gentamicin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Amphotericin b, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium nitroprusside, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Adult male sprague dawley rats, by Inotiv (1 mentions)
Carbon coated copper em grids, by Ted Pella (1 mentions)
C57bl 6, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions)
Dash 4000, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
9 protocols using lactated ringer s solution
1
Post-Operative Rat Care Protocol
2
Porcine Lung Harvesting and Perfusion
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All animal experimental work was approved by Yale University's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Yorkshire Swine ranging in weight from 20 to 30 kg were anesthetized using an intramuscular injection of Telazol (4.4 mg/kg), Ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), and Xylazine (2.2 mg/kg). Once anesthetized, animals were administered heparin (300 U/kg) through an intravenous catheter, which was allowed to circulate for 15 min before euthanizing with Euthasol (85 mg/kg). Following euthanasia, an incision was made inferior to the costal margin and the diaphragm was punctured to collapse the lungs. The chest cavity was accessed and the lungs perfused through the pulmonary artery with lactated ringer's solution (Hospira) containing 100 U/mL heparin (Sigma) and 1 μg/mL sodium nitroprusside (Sigma). The lungs, heart, and trachea were excised en bloc and placed into 4°C lactated ringer's solution containing 5% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco), 2% amphotericin B (Sigma), and 1% gentamicin (Gibco) for transport.
3
Full-Thickness Thermal Burn Model
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Eight to 12 week old (>18 grams), female B6 mice were used for all experiments. Animals were anesthetized by inhalation of vaporized isoflurane (Baxter Healthcare, Deerfield, IL) and had their dorsal and flank hair clipped. A subcutaneous injection of morphine (3 mg/kg body weight; Baxter Healthcase) was given prior to burn injury for pain control, and an intraperitoneal injection of lactated Ringer's solution (0.1 mL/g body weight; Hospira, Lake Forest, IL) was given immediately after burn injury for fluid resuscitation. To create a full-contact burn of approximately 20% total body surface area (TBSA), a 65 g rod copper rod (1.9 cm in diameter), heated to 100°C was used. Four applications of the rod, each for 10 seconds, to the animal's dorsal/flank produced the wound. Previous studies analyzing skin biopsies of the burn wound have demonstrated full-thickness cutaneous burn with visible unburned muscle beneath when following this procedure. Animals were returned to individual cages, provided food and morphinated water ab libitum, and monitored twice a day. Sham controls with 0% TBSA underwent all described interventions except for the actual burn injury. There was negligible mortality (<1%) after burn injury alone.
4
Fluid Therapy Choices in Equine Care
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If fluids for IV administration were needed for supportive care of horses during the study period, owners were offered either IVF or JUG fluids. Owners were informed of the cost difference and the projected impact on the financial estimate provided as well as provided with the perceived risks of using JUG fluids. Given that there were not current studies evaluating the effect of JUG fluids on outcome in horses owners were informed of our perceived risks at that time which included the presence of bacteria, endotoxin or both within the fluids which could result in an increased risk of complications and decreased survival to discharge. Owners were allowed to choose which fluid type they preferred for their horse to receive and could change their mind at any time during hospitalization. IVF used during the study period included Lactated Ringer's solution (Hospira, Lake Forest, Illinois), Vetivex solution (Dechra Veterinary Products, Overland Park, Kansas) and Plasma‐Lyte 148 Replacement solution (Baxter International, Deerfield, Illinois). Three custom‐made JUG formulations were also used during the study period and were selected at the attending clinician's discretion based on patient information (primarily serum electrolyte, acid base status, projected continued losses, and creatinine concentration). Composition and tonicity of IVF and JUG are detailed in Table 1 .
5
Rat Housing and Welfare Management
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Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 65; 300–375 g; Envigo, Livermore, CA, USA) were housed in a standard institutional vivarium with a 12-h (7 a.m. to 7 p.m.) light cycle. Following implant, animals were housed individually in acrylic cages with corn cob bedding and ad libitum access to water and adult laboratory rodent chow. Bags of crinkle paper were provided for environmental enrichment and changed weekly. Room conditions were monitored daily to maintain temperature of 68–79°F and humidity of 30–70%, and fresh food and water were provided weekly. Welfare assessments were conducted daily by laboratory staff, including weight checks and provision of parenteral nutrition, including subcutaneous injection of lactated Ringer's solution (Hospira, Inc, Lake Forest, IL) and/or provision of Supplical High Calorie Veterinary Supplement (Henry and Schein, Inc, Melville, NY), as needed. Animals with a sustained weight loss greater than or equal to 20% were removed from the study and euthanized humanely, according to the IACUC Protocol. All procedures adhere to the National Institutes of Health guidelines and were approved by the University of California, Davis Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
6
Imaging Effects of Contrasting Agents on AAV
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To determine the effects of the contrasting agents on the gross morphology of AAV2 and AAV5 particles, the rAAV2-GFP (2.69 × 1012 vg/ml) and rAAV5-GFP (1.24 × 1013 vg/ml) samples were incubated with Gd (1 and 2 mmol/l) and Gab (0.1 and 0.2 mmol/l) in lactated Ringer’s solution (Hospira, Lake Forest, IL) for 15 minutes at room temperature. Five microliters of each pretreated sample was loaded onto carbon-coated copper EM grids (Ted Pella, Redding, CA) for 1 minute, washed twice with sterile H2O, and negatively stained with 5 µl of 2% uranyl acetate for 1 minute. The grids were then air-dried and examined in a FEI Spirit TEM, Hillsboro, OR at a magnification of ×90,000 and accelerating voltage of 120 kV.
7
Measuring GFAP and UCH-L1 in Traumatic Brain Injury
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Serial arterial blood samples of 3 ml were obtained pre-cFPI (pre-craniotomy and post-craniotomy) as well as at 1 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h post-injury. Blood volume was replaced with an intravenous infusion of Lactated Ringer's solution (Hospira, Lake Forest, IL, USA) to maintain proper hydration. All blood samples were processed to obtain serum according to the OBTT manual of standard operating procedures and stored at −80°C prior to shipment to Banyan Biomarkers for analysis. Blood levels of GFAP and UCH-L1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using proprietary anti-GFAP and anti-UCH-L1 antibodies (please see Mondello and associates as well as Shear and colleagues for a more detailed description of the ELISA and the biomarker-related methods used in these studies) (13 (link), 29 (link)).
8
Thermal Burn Injury in Mice
9
Fluid Flow Rates with Needleless Connectors
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We requested sample devices from 8 major manufacturers of needleless connectors available in the United States and received 5 models from 4 manufacturers (Table 1). Flow rates without (control) and with an in-line needleless connector were measured during simulated massive transfusion. Fluids for infusion were room temperature lactated Ringer's solution (Hospira, Lake Forest, IL) or 4 to 10°C RBCs (mixed batches of four units of undiluted, type-matched discarded human banked Adenine-Saline-3 RBCs; Hartford Hospital Transfusion Services). A Level 1 ® H-1200 Fast Flow Fluid Warmer (41°C, D-100 insert; Smiths Medical, St. Paul, MN) delivered fluid under pressure into a graduated cylinder; we determined flow rates by using a stopwatch to determine the amount of time required for a given volume of fluid to be delivered. Delivered volumes were 100 mL for crystalloid trials and 10 to 50 mL (depending on flow rate) for RBC trials. A pressure transducer (ICU Medical, San Clemente, CA) and physiologic monitor (Dash 4000, GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK) measured the output pressure of the Level 1 warmer.
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