Silage substrates were dried at 60 °C and ground to pass through a 1-mm filter (Cyclotech Mill, Tecator, Hoganas, Sweden). The chemical composition of silage ground samples was determined. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method was used to determine the DM (100 °C for 24 h), CP (distillation Kjeldahl), CF, ash content (550 °C for 6 h), and EE of the samples. Based on proximate nutritional values, the nitrogen-free extract (NFE) content was calculated. Bomb calorimeters were used to measure GE with adiabatic calorimeters (AC 500, Leco, St. Joseph, MI, USA). The pH measurement was evaluated according to Cai [11 (link)]: the 10-gram sample was centrifuged with 90 mL of distilled water and measured with a pH meter (pHep Hi 98128, Hanna Instrument, Curepipe, Mauritius). The pH meter was calibrated with buffers at a pH of 4.0, 7.0, and 10. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were analyzed according to Van Soest et al. [15 (link)] by filter bag technique. The acid detergent lignin (ADL) was analyzed according to Faichney and White [16 ].
Ac 500
Manufactured by Leco
Sourced in United States
The AC 500 is a laboratory equipment that performs automated combustion analysis. It is designed to determine the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen content of a wide range of organic and inorganic samples.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
11 protocols using ac 500
1
Nutritional Analysis of Silage Substrates
2
Characterization of Pyrolysis Products
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
The initial feedstock, the solid pyrolysis products, and the commercial reducers were characterized using the following analytical techniques. The proximate analysis was determined by thermogravimetry according to D3173-85 and D3174-82 ASTM standards by means of a LECO TGA-500, and the elemental composition was determined with a LECO TruSpec CHN and a TruSpec S analyzer. The higher heating value (HHV) was determined using a LECO AC-500 automatic calorimetric bomb.
Real density was determined in an AccuPyc 1330T Micromeritics equipment. All the samples were degassed at 120 °C for 18 h before the analyses. The surface areas and the porosity properties were measured via CO2 adsorption at 0 °C using a surface area analyzer, Quantachrome Nova 4200 apparatus. CO2 adsorption is a widely used method to analyze materials with narrow micropores, as is the case of carbonized materials. The isotherms were analyzed using the Dubinin Radushkevich equation (DR) for calculating the micropores volume (cm3·g−1) and the equivalent micropore surface area (m2·g−1). The pore size distribution was calculated using the Non Local Density Functional Theory (NL DFT) available in the software of the equipment.
Real density was determined in an AccuPyc 1330T Micromeritics equipment. All the samples were degassed at 120 °C for 18 h before the analyses. The surface areas and the porosity properties were measured via CO2 adsorption at 0 °C using a surface area analyzer, Quantachrome Nova 4200 apparatus. CO2 adsorption is a widely used method to analyze materials with narrow micropores, as is the case of carbonized materials. The isotherms were analyzed using the Dubinin Radushkevich equation (DR) for calculating the micropores volume (cm3·g−1) and the equivalent micropore surface area (m2·g−1). The pore size distribution was calculated using the Non Local Density Functional Theory (NL DFT) available in the software of the equipment.
3
Comprehensive Nutritional Analysis of Soy Feedstuffs
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Test ingredients (i.e., soybean meal and four different soyhulls), experimental diets, and ileal digesta were analyzed for proximate composition: DM, moisture, CP, EE, CF, and ash, according to the methods of [22 ]. An adiabatic bomb calorimeter (AC500, Leco, St. Joseph, MI, USA) standardized with benzoic acid was used to determine the gross energy of experimental diets and the ileal digesta. The AA profile of the test ingredients was quantified in an AA analyzer (Biochrom 30+, Biochrom Ltd., Cambridge, UK). The test ingredients were ground to pass out a 0.5 mm screen. The samples were then hydrolyzed with 6N HCl containing 0.1% (w/v) phenol for 24 h at 110 ± 2 °C in glass tubes sealed under vacuum. The AAs were then separated by ion exchange chromatography, and their absorbance was measured simultaneously at 570 and 440 nm. Cysteine and methionine were measured as cysteic acid and methionine sulfone through a process involving oxidation with performic acid over a 16 h period at a temperature of 0 °C. Subsequently, neutralization was carried out using hydrobromic acid before proceeding to hydrolysis.
4
Comprehensive Analysis of Soybean Biomass
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
The chemical composition (dry matter, DM; ash; organic matter, OM; crude protein,
CP; ether extract, EE; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF;
and lignin) were assessed. Raw and fermented at day 30, the SB was assessed
under an oven at 60°C, and the particle size was reduced through a 1 mm
mesh screen. The full procedure for assessing DM (viz. 934.01), OM (viz.
942.05), CP (viz. 976.05), EE (viz. 920.39), and ash was mentioned in the AOAC
[10 ] method. A fiber analyzer (ANKOM
200, ANKOM Technology, New York, NY, USA) was used for NDF and ADF analysis
according to the detailed procedure of Van Soest [11 (link)], and acid detergent lignin (ADL) analysis was done
based on the method of Faichney and White [12 ]. Also, a bomb calorimeter (AC 500, LECO, St. Joseph, MI, USA)
was conducted for the gross energy (GE) analysis of raw and fermented SB at day
30.
CP; ether extract, EE; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF;
and lignin) were assessed. Raw and fermented at day 30, the SB was assessed
under an oven at 60°C, and the particle size was reduced through a 1 mm
mesh screen. The full procedure for assessing DM (viz. 934.01), OM (viz.
942.05), CP (viz. 976.05), EE (viz. 920.39), and ash was mentioned in the AOAC
[10 ] method. A fiber analyzer (ANKOM
200, ANKOM Technology, New York, NY, USA) was used for NDF and ADF analysis
according to the detailed procedure of Van Soest [11 (link)], and acid detergent lignin (ADL) analysis was done
based on the method of Faichney and White [12 ]. Also, a bomb calorimeter (AC 500, LECO, St. Joseph, MI, USA)
was conducted for the gross energy (GE) analysis of raw and fermented SB at day
30.
5
Comprehensive Fuel Characterization Protocol
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
MC (according to ASTM-D3173-03), ash content (ASTM-D3173-04), VM content (according to ASTM-D3175-02), and FC content (according to ASTM-D3172-07) of the fuels were determined. The analyses were performed in triplicate. The calorific value or HHV was determined using an automatic bomb calorimeter (Leco model AC-500), which followed the procedures of ASTM-D5865. The analyses were performed in duplicate.
6
Detailed Nutritional Characterization of BSFL Meal
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
The BSFL meal was measured for nutritional composition using proximate analysis following the methods of AOAC [20 ], to assess the level of moisture (Method 930.15), ash (Method 942.05), crude fiber (Method 978.10), and crude fat (Method 920.39). Crude protein (N × 6.25) was analyzed using a nitrogen analyzer (FP828, LECO Instruments Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand), and the nitrogen-free extract was calculated. Then, the gross energy content was analyzed using adiabatic bomb calorimeters (AC500, LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI, USA). Both phosphorus and calcium contents were measured according to AOAC [20 ]. Phosphorus content was determined using the photometric method (Method 964.06) via an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (T80+, PG Instrument Ltd., Lutterworth, England) while the calcium content was assayed using the titration method (Method 927.02). Finally, the pH of sample was measured with a pH meter (PHS-3C, Shanghai Puchun Measure Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The samples were tested using 5 replications for each sample.
7
Evaluating Hydrochar Fuel Properties
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
The
proximate analysis was conducted following the ASTM D-5142, wherein
around 1 g of sample was analyzed in a Leco TGA 701 instrument. The
heat content was determined for the raw S. lancea, hydrochar, and the high ash discard coal using a Leco AC 500 calorimeter
in accordance with ASTM D5865-04. The system uses an electronic thermometer
with an accuracy of 0.0001 °C to measure the temperature every
6 s, with the results obtained within 4.5–7.5 min. The effect
of hydrothermal treatment on the mass and energy yield of hydrochars
was determined using the mass yield and energy yield equations as
set out ineqs 4 and 5 .30 The mass yield ηM is obtained from the ratio of sample mass
after HTC (Mt) and sample
mass before HTC (Mo)
In calculating the energy yield, the
gross calorific value for raw samples (GCVu) and gross calorific value of the hydrochar (GCVt) were used as shown ineq 2 below
The reactivity test for all the samples (raw S.
lancea, hydrochars, discard coal and different weight
ratio of hydrochar/discard coal pellets) was conducted in a TGA under
an air atmosphere at a heating rate of 6 °C/min, from 25 to 850
°C and held until there was a constant mass loss. An approximately
150 mg of fuel was used for each experiment. The combustion characteristics
of the fuels tested are determined from the DTG curves generated from
the individual fuel.
proximate analysis was conducted following the ASTM D-5142, wherein
around 1 g of sample was analyzed in a Leco TGA 701 instrument. The
heat content was determined for the raw S. lancea, hydrochar, and the high ash discard coal using a Leco AC 500 calorimeter
in accordance with ASTM D5865-04. The system uses an electronic thermometer
with an accuracy of 0.0001 °C to measure the temperature every
6 s, with the results obtained within 4.5–7.5 min. The effect
of hydrothermal treatment on the mass and energy yield of hydrochars
was determined using the mass yield and energy yield equations as
set out in
after HTC (Mt) and sample
mass before HTC (Mo)
In calculating the energy yield, the
gross calorific value for raw samples (GCVu) and gross calorific value of the hydrochar (GCVt) were used as shown in
The reactivity test for all the samples (raw S.
lancea, hydrochars, discard coal and different weight
ratio of hydrochar/discard coal pellets) was conducted in a TGA under
an air atmosphere at a heating rate of 6 °C/min, from 25 to 850
°C and held until there was a constant mass loss. An approximately
150 mg of fuel was used for each experiment. The combustion characteristics
of the fuels tested are determined from the DTG curves generated from
the individual fuel.
8
Evaluating Dietary Starch Treatments on Ruminant Nutrition
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
The present study was performed with different incubation intervals and two sub-experiments using a nylon bag measurement and gas production technique. In both sub-experiments, a 2 × 5 factorial experiment design was carried out and set up using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replication runs. The diets used in the experiments had two starch energy sources, CSC and WBT, with five modified starch treatment methods: untreated, steam-treated, NaOH-treated, CaOH2-treated, and LA-treated.
To prepare the experimental diet for the chemical composition test, the nylon bag test, and the gas production test, all of the dietary samples were oven-dried for 48 h at 60 °C, and ground and passed through a 1-mm sieve (Cyclotech Mill, Tecator, Sweden). Experimental dietary samples were analyzed for their chemical compositions with the standard method of the AOAC [16 ], including their dry matter (DM, no. 967.03), ash (no. 492.05), CP (no. 984.13), and ether extract (EE, no. 920.39) content. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of the samples were analyzed according to the procedure of Van Soest et al. [17 (link)]. Non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) was calculated according to the procedure of Holtshausen [18 ]:
Using an adiabatic calorimeter bomb, gross energy (GE) was calculated (AC500, LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI, USA).
To prepare the experimental diet for the chemical composition test, the nylon bag test, and the gas production test, all of the dietary samples were oven-dried for 48 h at 60 °C, and ground and passed through a 1-mm sieve (Cyclotech Mill, Tecator, Sweden). Experimental dietary samples were analyzed for their chemical compositions with the standard method of the AOAC [16 ], including their dry matter (DM, no. 967.03), ash (no. 492.05), CP (no. 984.13), and ether extract (EE, no. 920.39) content. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of the samples were analyzed according to the procedure of Van Soest et al. [17 (link)]. Non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) was calculated according to the procedure of Holtshausen [18 ]:
Using an adiabatic calorimeter bomb, gross energy (GE) was calculated (AC500, LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI, USA).
9
Chemical Composition Analysis of Corn and Cassava
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
The samples of corn grain, cassava chips, and all treated samples were dried at 60°C for 72 h. The dried samples were grounded over a 1-mm screen for chemical composition analysis. The dry matter (DM) was determined by oven drying at 95°C-100°C under pressure < 100 Hg for 5 h (934.01; AOAC, 2005) . Ash content was determined by combustion at 550 °C for 3 h in a muffle furnace (942.05; AOAC, 2005) . The concentration of nitrogen (N) content was measured using Kjeldahl method (2001.11; AOAC, 2005) , and crude protein (CP) content was calculated as N×6.25. To determine the ether extract (EE), samples were extracted with petroleum ether using FOSS extractor (2003.06; AOAC, 2005) . Gross energy (GE) was determined with an adiabatic calorimeter bomb (AC500, LECO Corporation, Michigan-USA). The fiber components were determined by detergent methods, and samples were boiled in neutral detergent plus amylase to determine the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and boiled in acid detergent to determine the acid detergent fiber (ADF) according to the procedures as described by Van Soest et al. (1991) (link). NFC was estimated by different chemical groups (Mertens, 1997) (link) using the following formula: NFC (%)= 100 -(CP (%) + EE (%) + NDF (%) + Ash (%))
10
Calorimetry and Burning Rate of Bagasse
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
High heating values of the samples of bagasse and its fractions were determined in accordance with the specifications of Jittabut 9) . The heating value was carried out using a bomb calorimeter (LECO AC 500) . Approximately 2.9 Burning rate Burning rate was determined according to the method adopted by Davies and Davies 10) , done by arranging the bunsen burner on top of the scale balance while the mass of the bunsen burner was recorded. The known mass of the briquettes was placed on the wire gauze, the burner was ignited to burn the entire bottom surface of the briquettes, and the ignition time was recorded after the briquettes reached its burning steady state. Also, the mass loss at every 10 seconds through combustion process was recorded using a stopwatch. The burning rate through weight loss at specific times was calculated from the Equation (5) following: burning rate＝ total weight of the briquette total time taken Equation (5)
About PubCompare
Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.
We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.
However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.
Ready to get started?
Sign up for free.
Registration takes 20 seconds.
Available from any computer
No download required
Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!