X pert 1710

Material requirements were met by purchasing materials from Aldrich (China) and Merck (Germany) companies without any further purification. Thin-layer chromatography was used to monitor the reaction. Using silica-gel 60 F-254 as a matrix, TLC was conducted on glass plates. A Nicolet FT-IR 100 spectrometer was used to obtain infrared (IR) spectra. A Philips X-pert 1710 was used at room temperature to obtain X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. In addition, an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis of the nanoparticles was performed using a TESCAN MIRA III FE-SEM to determine their size and morphology. A Philips EM 208S at 120 kV was used to perform transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the range of 25–800 °C, a thermal gravimetric analyzer was used to perform thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

All required materials were purchased from Aldrich and Merck companies and were used without any further purification. The reaction was monitored by thin-layer chromatography. TLC was performed on glass plates incorporated with silica-gel 60 F-254. Infrared spectrums (IR) were determined by grade KBr on a Nicolet FT-IR 100 spectrometer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were obtained at room temperature by a Philips X-pert 1710. The size and morphology of the nanoparticles were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a TESCAN MIRA III FE-SEM. Also, the elemental composition of the nanoparticles was studied by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed using a Philips CM 120 at 120 kV. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed by a thermal analyzer with a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ in the range of 25–800 °C under the following air.