Dry matter was determined by placing 5 g of pulp in a hot air oven at 60 °C till constant weight was achieved. The TSS (total soluble solids) was measured using a digital hand refractometer (ATAGO CO. LTD., Tokyo, Japan) and expressed as °Brix. The TA (titratable acidity) of fruit pulp was determined by titrating the pulp extract against sodium hydroxide and expressed as a percentage of malic acid [17 ].
Digital hand refractometer
Manufactured by Atago
Sourced in Japan
The Digital Hand Refractometer is a portable, handheld device used to measure the refractive index of liquids. It provides a precise and efficient way to determine the concentration of dissolved solids in a sample. The device displays the refractive index value directly on a digital screen, allowing for quick and accurate measurements.
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Lab products found in correlation
5 protocols using digital hand refractometer
1
Fruit Pulp Composition Analysis
2
Climacteric Fruit Ripening Traits
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Fruit quality traits, especially those associated to climacteric ripening behavior, were assessed after harvest as previously described (Ríos et al., 2017 (link); Pereira et al., 2018 (link)). In brief, the production of ethylene in the fruits was measured from 25 days after pollination (DAP) to when fruit dropped, or 65 DAP when it did not drop, using a non-invasive ethylene quantification method (Pereira et al., 2017 (link)). The same method for measuring ethylene (Pereira et al., 2017 (link)) was used for ethylene treatment, where 250 ml of 50 ppm ethylene was injected in the bag with the fruit, which was then phenotyped after the bag had been kept closed for 1 week. The production of aroma was detected by olfactory evaluation of fruits from 25 DAP until harvest. The number of days for abscission layer formation were also recorded. External color change during fruit ripening was phenotyped visually. Fruits were weighed at harvest. Soluble solid content was analyzed with a digital hand refractometer (Atago Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Flesh firmness was measured using a penetrometer (Fruit TestTM, Wagner Instruments).
3
Physicochemical Analysis of Samples
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The samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The pH of the samples was read with a calibrated pH meter (Elico India L1-120 model). Titratable acidity was measured using 0.1 N NaOH and expressed as percentage citric acid; total soluble solids (in °Brix) determined using digital hand refractometer (Atago, Japan) and nonenzymatic browning (NEB) estimated by measuring optical density (OD) at 440 nm. Total and reducing sugars were determined by the Lane and Eynon method using Fehling's reagent. All these procedures were carried out as described by Ranganna [11 ].
4
Measuring Total Soluble Solids, pH, and Titratable Acidity
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Total soluble solids contents (TSS) were measured with a digital hand refractometer (Atago, Japan). For pH and titratable acidity (TA), 5 g of juice was titrated with an automatic titrator (TitroMatic 1S, Crison, Spain). TA was expressed as percent of citric acid (applying the acid milliequivalent factor 0.064 resp.) referred to the juice.
5
Comprehensive Fruit Quality Analysis
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Fruit harvested from the experimental plants were used to determine fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, and fruit volume following the methods earlier detailed by Yadaw (2017) . A digital hand refractometer (Atago Co., Tokyo, Japan) was used to determine the SSC of the fruit pulp and expressed in percentage after making the temperature correction at 20 °C. The TA was estimated following the standard procedure previously outlined by AOAC (2005) and expressed in percentage. Sugars were estimated from the fruit pulp following the method previously detailed by Hortwitz (1960) with moderate modifications earlier detailed by Yadaw (2017) and expressed in percentage. To determine ascorbic acid content fresh fruit pulp was used by following the methods recently detailed by Baswal et al. (2020) and expressed in mg 100 -1 g pulp. Total phenol content and total carotenoids content were estimated following methods recently detailed by Baswal (2019) with slight modifications.
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