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54 protocols using biorobot m48

1

Genetic Diagnosis of Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome

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Patients were selected from the Newcastle MRC Neuromuscular Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne. Our patients were 2 Caucasian siblings born to two healthy consanguineous parents (first cousins), from Newcastle in the North of England. The index case was a male patient who presented with fatigable weakness since early infancy mainly involving his limbs. Neurophysiological studies showed no evidence of neuropathy or myopathy. Although there was no decrement on repetitive nerve stimulation, there was marked jitter in several muscles in keeping with impaired neuromuscular junction transmission. His sister presented in a similar fashion but exhibited moderate intellectual disability. Given the positive family history, evidence of fatigable weakness with abnormal jitter, a diagnosis of CMS was suspected. Appropriate consent for research was obtained from each patient and any family member involved in this study.
Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood taken from both siblings and unaffected family members, by automated DNA extraction on the M48 Bio Robot using the MagAttract DNA blood Mini M48 kit (Qiagen 951336) as part of the routine service performed by the Northern Genetics Service molecular laboratory.
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2

Tick-Borne Pathogen Detection Protocol

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Ticks were homogenized using a Qiagen TissueLyzer (Qiagen) in tubes containing Buffer RLT (Qiagen) with 1% β-mercaptoethanol and a 5 mm steel bead for 2 min at 25 Hz. Each series of RNA extraction also included one NTC and one positive control spiked with Encepur® tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) vaccine (Novartis Vaccines, Basel, Switzerland) and B31 Borrelia spirochetes. After homogenization, RNA extraction was performed in a Qiagen M48 BioRobot using the MagAttract® RNA Tissue Mini M48 kit. The extracted RNA was stored in a -70°C freezer and later used for the WNV screening. Some of the extracted RNA was used for immediate cDNA synthesis. For this, we used a CAS-1200™ Precision Liquid Handling Robot (Corbett Research, Cambridgeshire, UK) to convert RNA into cDNA with the Illustra™ Ready-to-GO RT-PCR beads kit (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). Random hexamer primers pd(N)6 were used to ensure that total RNA was converted. The cDNA was stored in -20°C freezers and then used for the tick species identification.
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3

Buccal Swab DNA Extraction Protocol

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This study was approved by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene’s Institutional Review Board (IRB# 15–125). Buccal swabs (Citmed Corporation, Citronelle, AL) were obtained with informed consent from 15 volunteers (eight males and seven females). Samples were anonymized. Sequence data was not submitted to a public repository, because this data would allow extracting individual STR profiles and can be used to breach the privacy of the participating volunteers [24 (link)]. Furthermore, disclosing individual STR profiles violates New York State Executive Law. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information. Data requests should be directed to Florence Hutner, General Counsel, Office of Chief Medical Examiner (fhutner@ocme.nyc.gov). DNA was extracted using an M48 BioRobot® (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and the MagAttract® extraction kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s instructions as recently described [18 (link)]. Extracted DNA was quantified using Quantifiler® Trio (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. A negative control was included with each extraction; if it tested positive, all samples in the batch were discarded.
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4

Detecting Rickettsia spp. in Ticks

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Since the survey was part of a larger study in which both viruses and bacteria were examined, both RNA and DNA were isolated from the tick samples. After homogenization of the ticks using a QIAGEN TissueLyzer (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany), RNA extraction was performed in a QIAGEN M48 BioRobot using the MagAttract® RNA Tissue Mini 48kit. For cDNA synthesis, Illustra™ Ready-to-GO RT-PCR beads kit (GE Healthcare, UK) and random hexamer primers were used [20 ].
All tick cDNA samples were individually assayed using a real-time PCR targeting the citrate synthase (gltA) gene of Rickettsia spp. [24 (link)]. The reactions were run in a Rotor-Gene 3000 (Qiagen, Sydney, Australia) using LightCycler® TaqMan® Master (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Two to five μl cDNA was used as a template in each reaction, together with 0.25 μl LC Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) to minimize the risk of contamination. In each amplification trial a negative control, sterile water and a positive standard plasmid constructed by cloning the PCR product into a PCR 4-TOPO vector (TOPO® TA Cloning® kit for Sequencing, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and containing the cloned 74 bp fragment of the gltA gene were included in 10-fold serial dilutions.
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5

Genetic Diagnosis of Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome

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Patients were selected from the Newcastle MRC Neuromuscular Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne. Our patients were 2 Caucasian siblings born to two healthy consanguineous parents (first cousins), from Newcastle in the North of England. The index case was a male patient who presented with fatigable weakness since early infancy mainly involving his limbs. Neurophysiological studies showed no evidence of neuropathy or myopathy. Although there was no decrement on repetitive nerve stimulation, there was marked jitter in several muscles in keeping with impaired neuromuscular junction transmission. His sister presented in a similar fashion but exhibited moderate intellectual disability. Given the positive family history, evidence of fatigable weakness with abnormal jitter, a diagnosis of CMS was suspected. Appropriate consent for research was obtained from each patient and any family member involved in this study.
Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood taken from both siblings and unaffected family members, by automated DNA extraction on the M48 Bio Robot using the MagAttract DNA blood Mini M48 kit (Qiagen 951336) as part of the routine service performed by the Northern Genetics Service molecular laboratory.
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6

Buccal Swab DNA Extraction and Genotyping

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Human sample collection was approved by an IRB. After obtaining informed consent, buccal swab (Citmed Corporation, Citronelle, AL) samples were obtained from 15 volunteers. All samples were anonymized.
For DNA extraction, an M48 BioRobot® (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) was used, utilizing the MagAttract® extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) following manufacturer's instructions, as recently described [35] . A negative control was included with each extraction batch, when tested positive, all samples of the batch were discarded. In addition, DNA from 21 mock case-type samples (bones, blood cards, and teeth) were tested as challenging samples. All relevant data are within this manuscript and its Supplementary Material. Disclosing individual STR profiles is prohibited by New York State Executive law. In order to show genotypes, standard reference DNA, 2800M (male) and 2391c-A [female, National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) Gaithersburg, MD], was used to generate some two-person mixtures, and 2391c-D was also tested (1:3 mixture, Expt. 8).
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7

Comprehensive Cardiac Gene Sequencing

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Genome DNA was extracted from postmortem tissue samples or bloodstain cards from the 296 SUD cases using the Qiagen DNA kit and the M48 Biorobot (Qiagen, Germany). HaloPlex custom kit (Agilent Technologies) was used for target gene enrichment and Illumina Miseq for deep sequencing according to the manufacturers' protocols. Paired-end sequencing (150 bp) produced a mean sequencing coverage of 1000×, >98% of the target base coverage ≥50×, and <0.1% have zero coverage. Variants in 89 cardiac disease genes responsible for cardiac channelopathy and cardiomyopathy were annotated and classified (Table I in the Data Supplement). Sanger sequencing confirmed all variants classified as P/LP, as well as novel VUS.
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8

DNA Extraction and Quality Assessment

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Sample processing, DNA extractions and quality assessment were based on the protocols described in the METABRIC publication3 (link).
For UK samples DNA was extracted from 10 30-μm sections from each tumour using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, UK) on the QIAcube (Qiagen) according to manufacturer's instructions.
For CA samples DNA was extracted from 10–20 8-μm sections from each tumour using the MagAttract DNA M48 Kit (Qiagen) on the BioRobot M48 (Qiagen) according to manufacturer's instructions. DNA was quantified with the Qubit Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) and quality assessed by gel electrophoresis.
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9

Genotyping and Imputation of Asian Cohort

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Genomic DNA from the blood samples of participants was extracted using the MagAttract DNA Blood M48 Kit (Qiagen) and the BioRobot M48 automatic extraction equipment (Qiagen). The Illumina MEGA-Expanded Array (Illumina Inc.), including 123K variants was used for genotyping. The details of this method have been described previously [27 ]. We performed genotype imputation using the Asian population (n = 504) in the 1000 genomes haplotypes phase III integrated variant set release GRch37/hg19 (https://www.1000genomes.org/) as a reference panel. Genetic markers with deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium P values <1 × 10–6, a minor allele frequency <0.05, and a low call rate (<98%) were discarded. SHAPEIT (v2.r837) and IMPUTE2 (2.3.2) were used for phasing and SNP imputation, respectively. The quality control criteria were applied after filtering for an INFO score above 0.6. Finally, HECTD4 rs11066280 was a candidate SNP for our analysis.
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10

Targeted Mutation Analysis by Pyrosequencing

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A sample was fixed in formalin prior to paraffin embedding. One hematoxylin and eosin-stained slide was selected and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from corresponding unstained 10 μm-thick slides by manual microdissection. The tissue DNA was isolated by automated extraction using the BioRobot M48 (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Quality and quantity of isolated DNA was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Pyrosequencing was performed with the BRAF Pyro Kit (Qiagen) detecting certain mutations. One microliter of each isolated DNA was analyzed. Pyrosequencing was performed on the PyroMark Q24 platform (Qiagen). Pyrograms were generated with the PyroMark Q24 software, and data were analyzed manually by Qiagen. Sequences surrounding the site of interest served as normalization and reference peaks for quantification and quality control. Gene sequences were as follows: GSTP1 wild-type target, AATACATCTCC; mutation-type target, AATACGTCTCC; XRCC1 wild-type target, TCTGGGAGGGC; mutation-type target, TCT-CGGAGGGC; CYP1B1 wild-type target, CACTGAA; mutation-type target, CAGTGAA; MDR1 G2677AT wild-type target, TGCTGGGAACCT; mutation-type target, TA/TCTGGGAAGGT.
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