Whatman 3mm

Manufactured by Cytiva

Sourced in United Kingdom

Whatman 3MM is a high-quality chromatography paper designed for a variety of laboratory applications. It is a cellulose-based paper with a thickness of approximately 0.34 mm. Whatman 3MM is a versatile product suitable for use in various filtration, separation, and analytical techniques.

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Lab products found in correlation

Etrex, by Garmin (1 mentions) Qiaamp dna mini kit, by Qiagen (1 mentions) Isolate 2 genomic dna kit, by Meridian Bioscience (1 mentions) Jem 1400 transmission electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions) Kieselgel 60 f254, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

10 protocols using whatman 3mm

Large-scale survey of malaria and anemia in Ethiopia

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Data presented in this paper are drawn from a large cross-sectional survey conducted in 197 government primary schools in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, in 2009.30 (link) Full detail of school and child selection as well as sample collection has been presented elsewhere.30 (link) In brief, at each school 55 girls and 55 boys were randomly selected. They provided finger-prick blood samples for preparation of thick- and thin-blood smears, hemoglobin measurement (HemoCue Ltd., Angelhölm, Sweden), and collection of blood spots on filter paper (Whatman 3MM; Whatman, Maidstone, United Kingdom). School location was measured using a global positioning satellite receiver (eTREX; Garmin International, Olathe, KS).
For serological analysis samples were selected purposively from 1) 20 schools with highest prevalence of Plasmodium infection detected by microscopy (range 0.9–14.5%); 2) 20 schools with highest proportion of anemic (classified according to WHO,31 including adjustment by altitude) children (range 34.2–51.4%); and 3) a random selection of remaining schools surveyed (Table 1). Purposive selection was conducted to capture a range of transmission settings, and since resources were not available to complete enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on all blood spots collected during surveys.

Ashton R.A., Kefyalew T., Rand A., Sime H., Assefa A., Mekasha A., Edosa W., Tesfaye G., Cano J., Teka H., Reithinger R., Pullan R.L., Drakeley C.J, & Brooker S.J. (2015). Geostatistical Modeling of Malaria Endemicity using Serological Indicators of Exposure Collected through School Surveys. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 93(1), 168-177.

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Distinguishing Malaria Recurrences with Genotyping

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Dried blood spots were collected on filter paper (Whatman 3MM; Whatman, Clinton, NJ), stored at 4 °C and DNA was extracted from a single DBS spot, using the entire pre-specified circle, using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). DNA was used to distinguish new infections from recrudescent ones for all recurrent episodes of malaria, using previously described methods [29 (link)]. Genotyping was done in a stepwise fashion using six polymorphic markers, two of which were merozoite surface proteins (msp1 and msp2) and four microsatellite markers (TA40, TA60, TA81, and TA87) [29 (link)]. Genotyping for each sample was completed by doing PCR-based amplification, followed by capillary electrophoresis [29 (link)]. If, for any of the markers, an allele was not shared between consecutive episodes of parasitemia, then the episode was considered as a new infection; if one allele or more was shared at all six loci, then the episode was classified as recrudescent [26 (link)].

Lehane A., Were M., Wade M., Hamadu M., Cahill M., Kiconco S., Kajubi R., Aweeka F., Mwebaza N., Li F, & Parikh S. (2019). Comparison on simultaneous caillary and venous parasite density and genotyping results from children and adults with uncomplicated malaria: a prospective observational study in Uganda. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19, 559.

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Genetic Diversity of PvMSP-3α in Thailand

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This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Rangsit University, Thailand (RSUERB2018-026). Blood samples were collected during 2013 to 2018 from malaria-infected patients in western Thailand bordering Myanmar (Kanchanaburi, Mae Hong Son, and Tak provinces) and southern Thailand bordering Malaysia (Yala province). The single infection of P. vivax blood samples confirmed by nested PCR was recruited in this study for genetic diversity analysis of the PvMSP-3α gene. Two hundred microliters of blood samples were spotted onto filter paper (Whatman 3 MM, Whatman International, Maidstone, England), and the dried blood spots were stored in plastic bags at room temperature prior to DNA extraction with ISOLATE II Genomic DNA Kit (Meridian Bioscience, Inc. USA). The DNA samples were stored at −20°C until analysis. The blood samples were examined by Giemsa stained blood smear microscopy and nested PCR [28 (link)] for diagnosis of P. vivax infection. The confirmed samples for a single infection of P. vivax were recruited for the genetic diversity analysis of the PvMSP-3α gene.

Kritsiriwuthinan K., Ngrenngarmlert W., Patrapuvich R., Phuagthong S, & Choosang K. (2023). Distinct Allelic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 3-Alpha (PvMSP-3α) Gene in Thailand Using PCR-RFLP. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2023, 8855171.

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Blood Spot Collection and Storage

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Blood spots will be collected onto filter paper to store for future serologic and/or molecular studies which will be performed only for research purposes and will have no impact on the clinical management of study participants. Filter paper (Whatman no 1, Whatman 3MM; Whatman, Maidstone, UK) will be pre-cut into individual squares, stapled to a thick card which will serve as its cover, and will be labelled with a barcode. Blood spots will be collected onto the filter paper in volumes of approximately 25-μl aliquots per blood spot (four blood spots per sample). Filter paper samples will be allowed to dry at ambient temperature and relative humidity, transported from the field in a zip lock bag, and will be placed into a stock card filter paper box for final storage with a desiccant.

Staedke S.G., Kamya M.R., Dorsey G., Maiteki-Sebuguzi C., Gonahasa S., Yeka A., Lynd A., Opigo J., Hemingway J, & Donnelly M.J. (2019). LLIN Evaluation in Uganda Project (LLINEUP) – Impact of long-lasting insecticidal nets with, and without, piperonyl butoxide on malaria indicators in Uganda: study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial. Trials, 20, 321.

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Malaria Screening and Diagnosis Protocol

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All febrile cases (temperature ≥ 37.5 °C) or cases with history of fever (during the past 48 hours) were tested with an RDT (SD- Bioline, Standard Diagnostics, INC. Lot No. 05FK60) using finger prick blood samples, and treatment given, if found positive. Still, finger prick blood (one to two drops) was immediately dispensed on properly labelled slides and used to prepare thin and thick blood smears from all participants (irrespective of fever status) for microscopy; blot filter paper (Whatman 3MM) [25 (link)] for parasite DNA isolation and species identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for the determination of the packed cell volume (PCV).

Sakwe N., Bigoga J., Ngondi J., Njeambosay B., Esemu L., Kouambeng C., Nyonglema P., Seumen C., Gouado I, & Oben J. (2019). Relationship between malaria, anaemia, nutritional and socio-economic status amongst under-ten children, in the North Region of Cameroon: A cross-sectional assessment. PLoS ONE, 14(6), e0218442.

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Blood Sample Collection in Solomon Islands

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A total of 3833 finger-prick human blood samples were collected in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands. Blood was spotted onto filter paper (Whatman 3 MM, Whatman International, Maidstone, England) and air dried at ambient temperature before storage in individual plastic bags with silica gel. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from University of Notre Dame, USA (FWA 00002462); National Health Research and Ethics Committee, Solomon Islands (HRC13/14 and HRC14/16); and the James Cook University Human Research Ethics Committee, Australia (H4915). Informed consent was sought from all the subjects who provided blood samples.

Echeverry D.F., Deason N.A., Davidson J., Makuru V., Xiao H., Niedbalski J., Kern M., Russell T.L., Burkot T.R., Collins F.H, & Lobo N.F. (2016). Human malaria diagnosis using a single-step direct-PCR based on the Plasmodium cytochrome oxidase III gene. Malaria Journal, 15, 128.

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Antibacterial Effects of Sea Fennel Essential Oils

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The antibacterial activity of EOs and hydrolates from sea fennel against one Gram-negative (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33862) and two Gram-positive (Escherichia coli ATCC 1053 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) bacterial strains was investigated using the disk diffusion method [39 (link)].
Each bacterium was grown at 37 °C for 18 h on Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB) medium and turbidity was adjusted to 10⁸ CFU/mL. Seventy microliters of the bacterial suspension was then spread onto a 9 cm Petri dish containing 15 mL of sterile Mueller Hinton Broth medium with 20 g/L agar. Paper disks (Whatman 3MM, Whatman, Inc., Clifton, NJ, USA) with a diameter of 5.5 mm were placed in the dish and soaked with 7.5 µL of EOs or hydrolates (reduced volume due to the small sample amount) at different concentrations. Three replicates of each concentration were performed. A positive control dish contained only TSB medium inoculated with a bacterial suspension (10⁸ CFU/mL), while 7.5 µL of antibiotics (5 mg/mL streptomycin) were added to the suspension of microorganisms in the negative control. The dishes were sealed with parafilm and, after incubation (24 h at 30 °C), the inhibition diameter was measured.

Politeo O., Ćurlin P., Brzović P., Auzende K., Magné C, & Generalić Mekinić I. (2024). Volatiles from French and Croatian Sea Fennel Ecotypes: Chemical Profiles and the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiageing Activity of Essential Oils and Hydrolates. Foods, 13(5), 695.

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Childhood Malaria Diagnostic Protocol

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After obtaining written informed consent and verbal assent, a pre-target enrolment of 60 children per school, of equal gender, randomly recruited from classes primary 1 to 3, were assessed for study eligibility and requested to provide two stool samples on consecutive days, a single urine sample and a finger-prick blood sample. Point-of-care diagnosis of malaria was made according to an RDT (SD Bioline Malaria Ag P.f/Pan test, SD Diagnostics, Korea). A single drop of blood was spotted onto filter paper (Whatman 3 MM, Whatman International, Maidstone, England), dried at ambient temperature and sealed in a plastic bag with dessicant silica gel to preserve each DBS before transportation to the LSTM. DBS were then stored at − 20 °C before DNA extraction. Stool samples were filtered through a 212 µm metal mesh before 0.5 g were placed in 1 mL of 95% ethanol for the EPF before transfer to the LSTM and subsequent DNA extraction.

Al-Shehri H., Power B.J., Archer J., Cousins A., Atuhaire A., Adriko M., Arinaitwe M., Alanazi A.D., LaCourse E.J., Kabatereine N.B, & Stothard J.R. (2019). Non-invasive surveillance of Plasmodium infection by real-time PCR analysis of ethanol preserved faeces from Ugandan school children with intestinal schistosomiasis. Malaria Journal, 18, 109.

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Visualizing HCoV-OC43 Virus Attachment

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Purified HCoV-OC43 (10 µL of 1.09 × 10⁸ PFU) was added on the sterilized standard LDPE and rosin-functionalized plastic and incubated for 1 h at RT with ~92% RH. Post-incubation, 10 µL of PBS was added to the surface and the droplet was gently mixed. A virus control of the same amount without any surface treatment was also prepared. Formvar-coated copper grids were glow discharged (EMS/SC7620 mini-sputter coater), and negative staining was done as previously described (28 (link)). Briefly, 5 µL of virus (control, standard LDPE, and rosin-functionalized plastic) was added onto the copper grids for 30 s and blotted with Whatman paper (Whatman 3 MM). The samples were negatively stained using 1% (wt/vol) phosphotungstic acid for 10 s and blotted. The samples were dried O/N before imaging in a JEOL JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a LaB₆ filament. The images were captured using a bottom-mounted Quemesa 4,008 × 2,664-pixel CCD camera.

Shroff S., Haapakoski M., Tapio K., Laajala M., Leppänen M., Plavec Z., Haapala A., Butcher S.J., Ihalainen J.A., Toppari J.J, & Marjomäki V. (2024). Antiviral action of a functionalized plastic surface against human coronaviruses. Microbiology Spectrum, 12(2), e03008-23.

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Bioactive Compounds Extraction from Boswellia

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B. indica aerial parts (1.5 kg) were air dried in shade, powdered into fine particles and then extracted by maceration using 70% methanol (MeOH) at r.t. till exhaustion, the resulted crude ext., was successively fractionated using liquid/liquid partitioning, including defatting with pet. Ether (60–80 °C), chloroform/ethyl acetate (CHCl₃/EtOAc), n-BuOH, and H₂O. All fractions were investigated for the presence of triterpenoidal saponins and/or phenolics using 2D-PC (Whatman® 3MM) and TLC (Kieselgel 60 F₂₅₄, aluminum backed, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The obtained results favored n-BuOH fraction (19.83 g) over the others, which developed pink to purple colored spots upon spraying with vanillin-H₂SO₄ characteristic for triterpenoids. In addition, spraying with AlCl₃ and Natural Product Reagent (NPR), changes the colored spots from quenching fluorescence to yellow, orange or blue, typical for flavonoids, phenolics and/or their acids, at 366 nm [23 ]. Hence, the n-BuOH fraction was subjected to UPLC-ESI–MS/MS advanced analysis for the identification of its major constituents, as well as to study its biological potential.

Mohammed M.M., Heikal E.A., Ellessy F.M., Aboushousha T, & Ghareeb M.A. (2023). Comprehensive chemical profiling of Bassia indica Wight. aerial parts extract using UPLC-ESI–MS/MS, and its antiparasitic activity in Trichinella spiralis infected mice: in silico supported in vivo study. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23, 161.

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