Pegma

In a 100 ml volumetric flask, 1 mM AgNO₃ solution (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was made using distilled water. Different salt-to-plant extract ratios were used to combine the prepared silver solution and plant extracts (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, and 7:1 ml). The surface modification was started by mixing 5 mg of NPs with 1 ml of Triton X-100, 10 ml of n-hexane, and 5 ml of benzene (Merck) mixture (7:3), and then sonicating for 5 min. After that, the solution was mixed for 1 h before adding a poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA, Mn526) (Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI) solution (540 μl of PEGMA dissolved in 100 μl water) and stirring it for 24 h. The solution was then diluted with ethanol until it reached 45 ml and centrifuged for 30 min at 14,000 rpm. The pellets were retrieved by removing the supernatant and solvent. This process was repeated thrice to eliminate the unreacted silver salt and unspecific metabolites and compounds of plant extract. The resultant AgNPs were used for characterization, as well as accessing callus culture development and biochemical profiling in S. rebaudiana.

Anisole (Sigma-Aldrich)
was vacuum distilled over sodium. CuBr (Sigma-Aldrich) was extracted
with glacial acetic acid and then washed with diethyl ether, dried,
and stored under nitrogen. N,N,N′,N″,N‴-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine
(PMDETA, Sigma-Aldrich) and ethyl α-bromophenylacetate (EBPA)
were freshly distilled before use. Perfluorohexylethyl acrylate (FA,
Fluorochem) and PEGMA (M_n = 300 g mol^–1, DP_n ≈ 5, D̵ = 1.2, Sigma-Aldrich) were filtered on basic alumina to remove inhibitors.

HEMA (99%, MW = 130.14) and PEGMA (MW = 500) of analytical grade were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). PMMA discs were fabricated from a commercially available, auto-polymerizing, methyl methacrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate) (MMA/PMMA) orthodontic acrylic resin system (Ortho-Jet; Lang Dental Manufacturing Co. Inc., Wheeling, IL, USA). MMA monomers (0.1 mL) were mixed with 0.1 g of PMMA powder and the mixture was then placed in stainless steel molds to produce 5-mm-diameter and 1-mm-thick discs. After gelling, PMMA discs were placed in Aquapres (Lang Dental Manufacturing Co. Inc., Wheeling, IL, USA) at 1.5 kg/cm² for 1 h.

Lucirin TPO, TRIS, and Tween 80 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used as received. THF was purchased from Daejung Chemicals and Metals (Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) and used as received. Styrene (Junsei Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan, 99.5%) was purified by vacuum distillation with CaH₂. Copper(I) bromide (CuBr; Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, 98.0%) was purified by stirring with glacial acetic acid, followed by filtering and washing the solid thrice with methanol and twice with diethyl ether. The solid was vacuum-dried for two days. PEGMA (M_n = 300 g/mol; Sigma-Aldrich) was purified by passing it through a column filled with basic alumina to remove the inhibitors. Cyclohexane (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%) was dehydrated by vacuum distillation. Ethylene glycol (99.8%), n-butyl lithium (2.0 mol/L in Cyclohexane), N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA; 99%), α-bromoisobutyryl bromide (98%), and copper(II) bromide (CuBr₂; 98.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. 1,3-Butadiene and ditetrahydrofurylpropane (DTHFP) were obtained from Kumho Petrochemical and used as received. The synthetic rubber used in the experiment was SBR 1739 (Kumho Petrochemical; Styrene content of 40 wt %; oil extended in 37.5 phr (parts per hundred rubber by weight)).

Bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide lithium (LiTFSI), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC, 99%), and poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate (PEGMA, 98.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 1-allyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (IL, 99.0%) was purchased from Shang-hai Cheng Jie Chemical Co., Ltd. 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (OFHDODA, 93.0%), 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (HDODA, 85.0%) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoropentyl methacrylate (OFPMA, 98.0%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI). Phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (IRGACURE 819, 99%) was purchased from Badische Anilin-und-Soda-Fabrik (BASF). Vinylene carbonate (VC, 99.9%) was purchased from Dodo Chemical Co., Ltd. P(IL-OFHDODA-VEC) was prepared by UV light curing. Typically, the mixed IL, OFHDODA, VEC monomer, and LiTFSI were stirred for 40 min at 25 °C. After IRGACURE 819 (0.6% molar weight of the monomers) was added and stirred for 20 min, this mixture was blade-cast onto a substrate, followed by a photocuring process via 30 W of 365-nm UV light. All of these processes were carried out in an argon-filled glove box.