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The following antibodies used for Western blotting are listed: anti-GAPDH (MAB374, Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), anti-alpha SMA (ab5694, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-vimentin (5741, Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA), anti-phosphorylated AMPK (2535, Cell Signaling), anti-AMPK (2532, Cell Signaling), anti-phosphorylated mTOR (5536, Cell Signaling), anti-mTOR (ab32048, Abcam) and anti-collagen I (sc-166865, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The chemicals used were PDGF-bb (520-BB, R&D System, Minneapolis, MN, USA), PDGF-bb(520-BB, R&D System) and n-butylidenephthalide (ALFA, Derbyshire, UK). For the in vitro experiments, 10% (w/v) n-BP/DMSO was prepared as the stock.

Human AoSMCs (CC-2571), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC, CC-2517A), smooth muscle cell basal medium (SmBM-2, CC-3181), SmBM-2 plus SingleQuots of supplements (CC-3182), EBM-2 Basal Medium (CC-3156), and EGM-2 SingleQuots Supplements (CC-4176) were purchased from Lonza. Recombinant Human TGFβ1 (240-B), TNFα (210-TA), IL-1 beta (201-LB), and PDGF-BB (520-BB) were purchased from R&D Systems. Cell Titer-Glo 2.0 Assay kit was purchased from Promega (G9242). Transwell (12-mm diameter, 3.0 μm pore size) polycarbonate membrane insert was from Corning (3402). The following products were from Thermo Fisher Scientific: Total exosome isolation reagent (4478359), Total exosome RNA and protein isolation kit (4478545), scrambled microRNA control (AM4635), hsa-miR-548ai Mimic (Assay ID: MC22241), hsa-miR-548ai inhibitor (Assay ID: MH22241), Opti‐MEM I Reduced Serum Medium (31985062), Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent (13778150), TaqMan MicroRNA reverse transcription kit (4366596), TaqMan Universal Master Mix II (4440043), TaqMan primers (hsa-miR548ai, Assay ID: 464169_mat; hsa-miR-544A, Assay ID: 002265; hsa-miR-4719, Assay ID: 464187_mat; hsa-miR-6886, Assay ID: 465086_mat; RNU44, Assay ID:001094).