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5 protocols using n methyl 2 pyrrolidone

1

PVDF Membrane Fabrication Protocol

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PVDF was purchased from Solvay (Seoul, Republic of Korea)(Solef 1015, Mw = 570,000 g/mol). Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL, diluent), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, solvent), dimethylacetamide (DMAc, solvent), and ethylene glycol (EG, non-solvent) were purchased from the SAMCHUN Chemical (Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea). NA11 (nucleating agent; NA) was purchased from Asahi Denka (Tokyo, Japan) (ADK STAB NA11, Sodium 2,2’-methylene bis-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate). PVP (pore-forming additive) was purchased from BASF (Florham Park, NJ, USA) (LUVITEC K-30). The coagulation bath was composed of tap water as the non-solvent. All chemicals were used as received.
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2

Graphene Synthesis and Characterization

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Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%), 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS), iron(III) chloride (FeCl3, 97%), potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K3Fe(CN)6, ≥99%), cesium, barium, strontium, and rubidium standard solution (1000 ppm) for inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) analyses were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Sodium chloride (NaCl), Ammonia solutions (NH4OH, 28.0~30.0%), hydrochloric acid (HCl), Ethanol (C2H5OH, ≥99%), and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were supplied from Samchun Chemical (Seoul, Korea). Hydrofluoric acid (HF, 40%) was purchased from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EG) was produced according to the method reported previously [58 (link)].
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3

Synthesis of Functionalized Furan Derivatives

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All chemicals used in the experiments were purchased from commercial sources: 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (Nanjing Sunshine Chemical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China), 6-Bromo-1-hexanol (TCI, Tokyo, Japan), 3-Bromo-1-propanol (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1,4-Benzenedimethanol (TCI, Tokyo, Japan), tert-Butyl(chloro)diphenylsilane (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), imidazole (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), erythritol (TCI, Tokyo, Japan), hexamethylene diisocyanate (TCI, Tokyo, Japan), 4,4′-diisocyanato-methylenedicyclohexane (TCI, Tokyo, Japan), cesium carbonate (TCI, Tokyo, Japan), tetrabutylammonium fluoride (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), dibutyltin dilaurate (TCI, Tokyo, Japan), ammonium chloride (Samchun Chemical, Seoul, Korea), sodium sulfate (Samchun Chemical, Seoul, Korea), all solvents including dichloromethane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide (Samchun Chemical, Seoul, Korea) and deuterated solvents for nuclear magnetic resonance (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Tewksbury, MA, USA).
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4

Fabrication of CNT Film Electrodes

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The CNT film was prepared using the direct spinning method.24 (link) The precursor solution was consisting of acetone (98.0 wt%, Samchun Chemical, Korea), ferrocene (0.2 wt%, Sigma Aldrich), thiophene (0.8 wt%, ≥99%, Sigma Aldrich), and polysorbate_20 (1.0 wt%, Sigma Aldrich) and the injection was done at a rate of 10 ml h−1 into 1200 °C of a vertical reactor with H2 gas (carrier gas, 1000 sccm).24 (link) To prepare the slurry for electrode, LCO (MTI Korea), carbon black (Super P, MTI Korea), and poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF, MTI Korea) were mixed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Samchun Chemical, Korea) solvent at a weight ratio of 8 : 1 : 1. Further, LCO, CNT (length: 20–30 μm, JEIO, Korea), and PVDF were mixed in NMP solvent at a weight ratio of 8.6 : 0.4 : 1. LCO, CNT (length: 200–300 μm, JEIO), and PVDF were mixed in NMP solvent at a weight ratio of 8.6 : 0.4 : 1. The CNT films were coated with the electrode slurries followed by drying at 120 °C for 2 h in a vacuum oven. The electrodes prepared using the Super P, normal CNT (having length in the range of 20–30 μm), and long CNT (having length in the range of 200–300 μm) were named as SP, NCNT, and LCNT, respectively.
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5

Functionalization of MWNTs with APDMS

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The MWNT ( > 95% , length = 10–50 μm; diameter = 10–20 nm) were supplied by Hanwha Nanotech Co., Seoul, Korea. Thionyl chloride (Samchun Chemical Co., Seoul, Korea) was used as a reacting agent without any purification. Tetrahydrofuran (THF, Duksan Chemical Co., Ansan, Korea) was used for dissolving amino terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (APDMS, Functional group equivalent: 2200 g/mol, Shin-Etsu Co., Tokyo, Japan). N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Samchun Chemical Co., Seoul, Korea) was used as a reducing agent to reduce silver nitrate (Sigma Aldrich., Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) to Ag nanoparticles. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS, Momentive Performance Materials Co., Waterford, NY, USA) dissolved in THF with a functional group equivalent of 2200 g/mol was used as the silicone matrix.
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