1 1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl radical 2 2 diphenyl 1 2 4 6 trinitrophenyl hydrazyl dpph

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ascorbic acid, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA). Primary antibodies against cleaved PARP, caspase 9, cleaved caspase 3, LC3, β-actin, lamin B, and HRP-linked secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Primary antibodies against Nrf2, HO-1, UGT, and GST and the cell fractionation kit were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The THSG was purchased from MedChemExpress Company (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), and 5,5,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) and Annexin V/PI apoptosis kits were purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA). TRIzol^® and SuperScript^® III Reverse Transcriptase were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA), and the QuantiNova^® SYBR Green PCR Kit was obtained from Qiagen (Valencia, CA, USA).