The data were entered in Microsoft Excel Program, coded, and exported to SPSS software for analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages in SPSS for Windows, version 26 was used to summarize ethnobotanical and respondents’ socio-demographic data. The Informant Consensus Factor, ICF [30 (link), 31 ] was computed to find out the homogeneity in the ethnomedicinal information from the respondents. ICF was computed using the formula; ICF = Nur − Nt/(Nur − 1), where “Nur” refers to the total number of use reports for each disease cluster and “Nt” refers the total number of species in each use category. The ICF values range from 0 to 1; high ICF values are obtained when only one or a few plant species are reported to be used by a high proportion of informants to treat a particular category, whereas low ICF values indicate that informants disagree over which plant to use.
Excel program
Manufactured by IBM
Excel is a spreadsheet software application developed by Microsoft. It provides users with tools to organize, analyze, and visualize data through the use of spreadsheets, charts, and formulas. Excel's core function is to enable users to perform calculations, manage and manipulate data, and create reports and presentations.
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Lab products found in correlation
4 protocols using excel program
1
Ethnobotanical Data Analysis: Informant Consensus
2
Evaluating Researchers' Procedural Knowledge
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For analysis, the 12 questions of each questionnaire were grouped into two topics: 1) concepts related to the procedure; and 2) technique steps. The maximum of correct answers in each topic is six. One considered as knowledge satisfactory level the presence of, at least, 60% (seven correct answers) of 12 questions. Such analysis was based on the assessments performed at Brazilian universities, which adopt approval levels between 50% and 70% of accomplishment.
The collected data were inserted into Excel ® Program and exported to SPSS ® 20.0. One conducted the analysis via descriptive and inferential statistics, using ANOVA test and Friedman test, and significance level of pvalue <0.05.
The collected data were inserted into Excel ® Program and exported to SPSS ® 20.0. One conducted the analysis via descriptive and inferential statistics, using ANOVA test and Friedman test, and significance level of pvalue <0.05.
3
Students' Satisfaction with Psychiatry Course
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The mean and standard deviation were used to describe continuous measured variables, and the frequency and percentages were used for categorically measured variables. A histogram and a statistical Kolmogorov–Smirnov K–S test were used to assess the normality assumption of continuous variables, and Levene's test of homogeneity of variance was used to test the equality of variance of statistical assumptions. The students' overall satisfaction levels with aspects of the psychiatry course were computed by averaging the items comprising each concept. An independent samples t-test was used to compare the statistical mean difference between metric variables across the levels of the categorically measured binary variables. The effect size of the mean difference in the independent t-test was expressed as Cohen's D statistic. The alpha significance level was considered at the 0.050 level; the commercially available SPSS IBM statistical analysis program, Version#21, was used for the data analysis; and the Excel program, version 2010, was used to create figures and depictions.
4
Quinoa Cultivation Techniques Comparison
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Statistical analyses were performed using Excel program (2016) and SPSS 23.0 software (IBM Co, Armonk, NY), which included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiplerange test. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple-range test. Monitoring all studied indicators was carried out according to the document "Description of Quinoa and wild type" (FAO, 2013) .
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