The TiO2 supports used for the preparation of Ru-based catalysts in this work were consisted of TiO2 anatase (Alfa Aesar), TiO2 rutile (Sigma Aldrich), TiO2-P25 (Degussa), and TiO2 prepared by sol–gel method. The TiO2 mixed phase support was prepared by using sol–gel method as follows. Approximately 83.5 cm3 of titanium isopropoxide (Sigma Aldrich) as TiO2 precursor was added into the solution containing nitric acid (HNO3, 65 vol%) in deionized water (7.3 cm3 HNO3: 1000 cm3 H2O). Then, the mixture solution was continually stirred at room temperature for 3 day until the clear sol was obtained. The clear sol was placed and dialyzed in cellulose membrane, which was submerged in the deionized water, for 3 day. During dialyzing, the water was daily changed until the pH of water reached about 3.5. After that, the resulting sol was dried in oven at 110 °C for 12 h. The dried sol was milled and then calcined in air flow at 350 °C for 2 h with heating rate of 10 °C/min.
Tio2 anatase
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
TiO2 anatase is a form of titanium dioxide with a crystalline structure in the anatase phase. It is a white, inorganic powder used as a pigment and in various industrial applications.
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3 protocols using tio2 anatase
1
Synthesis of TiO2-supported Ru Catalysts
2
Ru and Co Catalysts Supported on TiO2 Polymorphs
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The monometallic 1.5 wt% Ru catalysts supported on different TiO2 supports, consisted of TiO2 anatase (Alfa Aesar), TiO2 rutile (Sigma Aldrich), TiO2-P25 (Degussa), and TiO2 prepared by sol–gel method, were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method with using ruthenium (III) nitrosylnitrate solution (Alfa Aesar) as Ru precursor. The TiO2 support was impregnated with the ruthenium (III) nitrosylnitrate solution and then dried at room temperature for 6 h. After that, the resulting catalyst was dried in oven at 110 °C for 12 h and calcined in air at 550 °C for 4 h with heating rate of 10 °C/min. The monometallic 1.5 wt% Co/TiO2 catalyst was also prepared by incipient wetness impregnation under similar condition using cobalt naphthenate solution (Sigma Aldrich).
3
Synthesis of Cu/ZrO2 and Cu/TiO2 Catalysts
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The Cu/ZrO 2 and Cu/TiO 2 catalysts were synthesized by deposition-precipitation on commercial supports (ZrO 2 with a surface area of 90 m 2 /g, and TiO 2 (anatase) with a surface area larger than 150 m 2 /g, from Alfa Aesar). The supports were dried for 12 h at 100 °C before Cu deposition. The Cu precursor (Cu(NO 3 ) 2 •3H 2 O from Sigma-Aldrich) and 200 ml distilled water were added to a beaker under stirring to form a 8 mM Cu(NO 3 ) 2 solution. Then, urea (CO(NH 2 ) 2 from Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the solution in a concentration 100 times of Cu(NO 3 ) 2 at room temperature. Afterwards, the pre-weighed support was added to the beaker and the solution was heated to 80 °C at a heating rate of 1 °C/min to make urea slowly hydrolyze, homogeneously producing ammonium hydroxide through the solution. Since an effective mixing is very important, the solution was stirred vigorously for 5 h. The solution pH gradually rose to about 7.6 at the beginning and then remained practically constant. The Cu loading of the catalysts in this work was 5 wt%. After the deposition-precipitation step, the solution was filtered and washed with 200 ml distilled water for three times. The recovered samples was dried at 90 °C for 12 h and then calcined in air at 350 °C for 4 h with a heating rate of 0.8 °C/min.
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