D glucose

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D-glucose is a type of monosaccharide, a simple sugar that serves as the primary source of energy for many organisms. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. D-glucose is a naturally occurring compound and is a key component of various biological processes.

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Lab products found in correlation

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Spelling variants of this product

D-glucose (G8270) (11 citations) D-glucose 6-phosphate sodium salt (8 citations) D-glucose:saccharin solution (4 citations) D-(+)-glucose (glucose); (2 citations) α-d-Glucose pentaacetate (2 citations) 4.5 g/L D-glucose (2 citations) 1-13C-D-glucose (2 citations) 5-thio-D-glucose (2 citations) D-(+)- glucose solution (G8769) (2 citations) 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-FDG) (2 citations)

2 290 protocols using d glucose

Hyperglycemia Effects on Human Retinal Endothelial Cells

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Human retinal endothelial cells (HREC) were purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories (America). All cells were grown in Endothelial Cell Medium (ECM) (ScienCell, America). Cells were treated for 72 h with ECM containing of the following: 5 mM D-glucose (euglycemic control)(CON group); 25 mM D-glucose (hyperglycemia) (HI group); 25 mM D-glucose (hyperglycemia + Niacin (1 mM, Sigma Chemical Co., USA) (NA group); 25 mM D-glucose (hyperglycemia) + Niacin (1 mM) + microRNA126 inhibitor (NI group). HREC cells were treated miR-126 inhibitor (miR-126-inhibitor) (Invitrogen, CA, USA) using Lipofectamine 2000.

Wang Y, & Yan H. (2016). MicroRNA-126 contributes to Niaspan treatment induced vascular restoration after diabetic retinopathy. Scientific Reports, 6, 26909.

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Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell Culture

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Periodontal ligament stem cells were cultured under several different conditions as follows:

Control group (G5.6 group): cells were incubated in a medium containing 5.6 mM D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)

TNF-α treatment group (G5.6+TNF-α group): cells were incubated in a medium containing 5.6 mM D-glucose and TNF-α (10 ng/ml, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA);

High-glucose treatment group (G30 group): cells were incubated in a medium containing 30 mM D-glucose

High-glucose and TNF-α treatment group (G30+TNF-α group): cells were incubated in a medium containing 30 mM D-glucose and TNF-α (10 ng/ml)

The osmotic effect was also evaluated by the addition of mannitol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Cells were incubated in a medium containing 5.6 mM D-glucose and 24.4 mM mannitol.

Zhu W., Qiu Q., Luo H., Zhang F., Wu J., Zhu X, & Liang M. (2020). High Glucose Exacerbates TNF-α-Induced Proliferative Inhibition in Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells through Upregulation and Activation of TNF Receptor 1. Stem Cells International, 2020, 4910767.

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Glucose-induced podocyte stress response

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Differentiated mouse podocytes were stimulated with normal glucose [NG; 1 g/l D-glucose (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA)] or HG (4.5g/l D-glucose). A third group of podocytes was exposed to 1 g/l D-glucose plus 24.4 mM mannitol (Sigma) as an osmotic control (M). Cells in each group were collected at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h for analyses.

CAO Y., HAO Y., LI H., LIU Q., GAO F., LIU W, & DUAN H. (2014). Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in apoptosis of differentiated mouse podocytes induced by high glucose. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33(4), 809-816.

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Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocyte Culture and Treatment

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Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were isolated as previously described with slight modifications [16 (link)]. The cardiomyocytes were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS (Gibco Life of Cells, USA), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin in a humidified air containing 5% CO₂ at 37°C. When the cardiomyocytes reached 70%–80% confluence, the cells were randomized into the experimental groups: 5.5 mmol/L D-glucose as the normal (NG) group, 30 mmol/L D-glucose (Sigma, USA) as the high glucose (HG) group, or identical concentrations of mannitol as an osmotic control group containing 5.5 mmol/L D-glucose plus 24.5 mmol/L mannitol for 24 h in the presence or absence of curcumin (10 μmol/L). A subset of cardiomyocytes were exposed to LY294002 for 1 h before administration of high glucose and curcumin.

Yu W., Zha W., Ke Z., Min Q., Li C., Sun H, & Liu C. (2016). Curcumin Protects Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes against High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis via PI3K/Akt Signalling Pathway. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016, 4158591.

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Rat Glomerular Mesangial Cell Culture

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The rat glomerular mesangial cells (RMCs) were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% Gibco^® fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 μg/mL penicillin–streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. The cells were then divided into three groups, (1) the control group treated with 5 mg/ml d-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), (2) the high-glucose group treated with 150 mg/ml d-glucose for 48 h, (3) the leflunomide and benazepril group treated with 150 mg/ml d-glucose as well as leflunomide and benazepril with both concentrations of 50 μmol/L for 48 h.

Li H., Wang Y., Zhou Z., Tian F., Yang H, & Yan J. (2019). Combination of leflunomide and benazepril reduces renal injury of diabetic nephropathy rats and inhibits high-glucose induced cell apoptosis through regulation of NF-κB, TGF-β and TRPC6. Renal Failure, 41(1), 899-906.

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Rat Mesangial Cell Line Glucose Exposure

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The rat mesangial cell line HBZY-1 was purchased from the China Center for Type Culture Collection (Wuhan, China) and cultured in low-glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; HyClone Technologies, Logan, UT) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone Technologies). The cells were routinely cultured at 37°C and 5% CO 2 in saturated humidity. When the cells reached 90% confluence, they were assigned to three groups and eight subgroups: the normal-glucose (NG) group, in which the cells were incubated in 5.5 mmol/L D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); the hypertonic control (HT) group, in which the cells were incubated in 5.5 mmol/L D-glucose DMEM + 19.5 mmol/L D-mannitol (Sigma-Aldrich); and the HG group, in which the cells were stimulated with 25 mmol/L D-glucose. All cells in the three groups were stimulated for 24 h and then cultured in 5.5 mmol/L D-glucose DMEM. At 0, 24, 48, and 72 h, the cells and their supernatants were collected.

Yunlei D., Qiuling F., Xu W., Qianwen Z., Xu C., Li X, & Lining W. (2018). Transient High-Glucose Stimulation Induces Persistent Inflammatory Factor Secretion from Rat Glomerular Mesangial Cells via an Epigenetic Mechanism. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 49(5).

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Dietary Modulation of Seizure Susceptibility

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All mice were fed with standard rodent chow ad libitum during the pre-trial period (Prolab RMH 3000; PMI LabDiet, Richmond, IN, USA). This is the standard mouse pellet diet, which contains 4.2 kcal/g of total energy. According to manufacturer specifications, this diet is comprised of 520 g carbohydrates, 120 g fat, 225 g protein, and 45 g fiber per 1 kg of food. During the study phase, SD-UR mice received rodent chow ad libitum, whereas all SD-R groups were calorie restricted on rodent chow to reduce mouse body weights by 20–23%. Food was weighed and administered daily. Water was provided ad libitum to all mice throughout the study. Food and water intake was tracked for each cage and averaged to calculate individual intake. During the study phase, 2.5 hours prior to seizure testing, water bottles in each cage were changed to contain a measured amount of water and either water alone, water plus 25 mM D-glucose (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), water plus 25 mM D-glucose and 8 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) (Sigma Aldrich), or water plus 25 mM D-glucose and 50 mM β-hydroxybutyrate (bOHB) (Sigma Aldrich). Immediately before seizure testing, all water bottles were changed back to water alone.

Meidenbauer J.J, & Roberts M.F. (2014). Reduced glucose utilization underlies seizure protection with dietary therapy in epileptic EL mice. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 0, 48-54.

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Pancreatic Islets Insulin Secretion Assay

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GSIS measurements from pancreatic islets were evaluated as described in detail previously [22 (link),23 (link)]. Approximately 20 neonatal islets were collected from each group and pre-incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRBB) containing 1.6 mM D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1h to normalize the basal insulin-secreting status before being incubated in KRBB buffer with 1.6 mM D-glucose for 1h after which the buffer was collected; the islets were then incubated for an additional hour with fresh KRBB buffer containing 16.7 mM D-glucose to determine the stimulated level of insulin secretion. Insulin release was quantitated by subjecting collected buffer samples for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with a specific mouse insulin ELISA kit (Antibody and Immunoassay Services at the University of Hong Kong). Insulin secretion rates were calculated as the quantity of insulin accumulated in the supernatant buffer, in an hour, divided by the number of islets (ng insulin per islet per hour)

Wang L., Liang J, & Leung P.S. (2015). The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas Axis Regulates the Development of Pancreatic Endocrine Cells in Mouse Embryos. PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0128216.

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Cultivation of Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains

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Candida glabrata CBS138 (prototrophic), KUE100 (prototrophic) (Ueno et al., 2007 (link)) and L5U1 (cgura3Δ0; cgleu2Δ0) (Chen et al., 2007 (link)) strains were used in this study. C. glabrata cells were cultivated in rich YEPD medium, RPMI 1640 medium or BM minimal medium. YEPD medium contained per liter: 20 g D-(+)- glucose (Merk), 20 g bacterial-peptone (LioChem) and 10 g of yeast-extract (Difco); whereas RPMI 1640 medium (pH 4) contained 10.4 g RPMI 1640 (Sigma), 34.5 g MOPS (Sigma) and 18 g glucose (Merck) per liter. BM media contained 20 g/L of D-(+)-glucose (Merck), 1.7 g/L of Yeast-Nitrogen-Base, without amino acids or ammonium sulfate (Difco) and 2.65 g/L ammonium sulfate (Merck). L5U1 strain was grown in BM medium supplemented with 60 mg/L leucine (Sigma). Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY4741 (MATa, ura3Δ0, leu2Δ0, his3Δ1, met15Δ0) and the derived single deletion mutant BY4741_Δdtr1 were obtained from the Euroscarf collection and grown in BM medium supplemented with 20 mg/L methionine, 20 mg/L histidine, 60 mg/L leucine, and 20 mg/L uracil (all from Sigma). Solid media contained additionally 20 g/L of Bactoagar (Difco).

Romão D., Cavalheiro M., Mil-Homens D., Santos R., Pais P., Costa C., Takahashi-Nakaguchi A., Fialho A.M., Chibana H, & Teixeira M.C. (2017). A New Determinant of Candida glabrata Virulence: The Acetate Exporter CgDtr1. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 7, 473.

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Preparing Brain Slices for Culturing

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A sterile working field was set up for the sectioning procedure. This is to avoid any contamination of the tissue being processed for the sectioning. All tools required for this procedure were sterilized following clinical protocols and placed within reach of the experimenter to prevent delays. The sections were prepared using a vibratome (VT1200; Leica Biosystems). The sectioning chamber was filled with ice-cold preparation medium containing Hibernate-A Medium (Lot No. 1994548; Gibco) supplemented with 13 mM d-glucose (Lot No. SLBX3638; Sigma-Aldrich), 30 mM N-methyl-D-GLucamin (M2004; Sigma-Aldrich), and 1 mM GlutaMAX (Lot No. 1978435; Gibco), saturated with carbogen (95% O₂ and 5% CO₂) for 10 min before the sectioning of resected tissue. Millicell inserts (No. PICM03050; Millipore) were placed in each well of a six-well culture dish with 1 ml of growth medium containing Neurobasal l-Glutamine (Lot No. 1984948; Gibco) supplemented with 2% serum-free B-27 (Lot No. 175040001; Gibco), 2% Anti-Anti (Lot No. 15240-062; Gibco), 13 mM d-glucose (Lot No. RNBG7039; Sigma-Aldrich), 1 mM MgSO₄ (M3409; Sigma-Aldrich), 15 mM Hepes (H0887; Sigma-Aldrich), and 2 mM GlutaMAX (Lot No. 1978435; Gibco).

Ravi V.M., Joseph K., Wurm J., Behringer S., Garrelfs N., Errico P.D., Naseri Y., Franco P., Meyer-Luehmann M., Sankowski R., Shah M.J., Mader I., Delev D., Follo M., Beck J., Schnell O., Hofmann U.G, & Heiland D.H. (2019). Human organotypic brain slice culture: a novel framework for environmental research in neuro-oncology. Life Science Alliance, 2(4), e201900305.

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