Xanthine oxidase powder was purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). Flavone (99.0%), 7-OH flavone (98.0%), chrysin (98.0%), biochanin A (98.0%), naringin (98.0%), and myricetin (98.0%) were bought from Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA). Formononetin (99.0%) and genistein (99.0%) were acquired from Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific, PA, USA). Baicalin (98.0%), baicalein (98.0%), wogonin (98.0%), apigenin (98.0%), luteolin (98.0%), hispidulin (98.0%), tangeretin (98.0%), nobiletin (98.0%), galangin (98.0%), kaempferide (98.0%), kaempferol (98.0%), kaempferitrin (98.0%), quercetin (98.0%), fisetin (98.0%), rutin (98.0%), daidzein (98.0%), tectorigenin (98.0%), puerarin (98.0%), dihydromyricetin (98.0%), naringenin (98.0%), catechin (C; 98.0%), (−)-gallocatechin (GC; 98.0%), epicatechin, (EC; 98.0%), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG; 98.0%), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC; 98.0%), (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 98.0%), and (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG; 98.0%) were commercially purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm resistivity) was obtained from an ELGA water purification system (ELGA Berkefeld, Veolia, Germany). All other reagents and solvents were of analytical grade.
Baicalein
Manufactured by Yuanye Bio-Technology
Sourced in China
Baicalein is a laboratory reagent produced by Yuanye Bio-Technology. It is a flavonoid compound extracted from the roots of the Scutellaria baicalensis plant. Baicalein is commonly used in biochemical research and analysis applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Luteolin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (5 mentions)
Quercetin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (4 mentions)
Wogonin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (3 mentions)
Baicalin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (3 mentions)
Apigenin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (3 mentions)
Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Dihydromyricetin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (2 mentions)
Epicatechin gallate, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (2 mentions)
Epicatechin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (2 mentions)
Naringenin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (2 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (2 mentions)
Rutin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (2 mentions)
Hplc grade acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Resveratrol, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (2 mentions)
Naringin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Chrysin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Tangeretin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (1 mentions)
Nobiletin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (1 mentions)
12 protocols using baicalein
1
Quantification of Flavonoids and Catechins
2
Bioactive Compounds Extraction and Evaluation
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The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2, 4, 6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), vitamin C (Vc), were obtained from Solarbio Life sciences (Beijing, China). All chemical reagents including methanol, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), petroleum ether (PE), Dichloromethane (DCM), and n-butanol (n-BuOH) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Chromatographic acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Folin-Ciocalteu, pyrogallol, and other analytical grade chemicals were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Myricetin, dihydroMyricetin, quercetin, resveratrol, apigenin, baicalein, hesperitin, gallic acid, rutin, luteolin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and other standards for HPLC were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology (Shanghai, China). Cellulase (3, 000 μ/g) and pectinase (40, 000 μ/g) were purchased from Xiya reagent (Shandong, China). α-Glucosidase (G5003) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, C3389) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). p-Nitrophenol nitrophenol α-D-glycopyranoside (pNPG), acarbose, galantamine, and cisplatin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The HepG2, MCF-7, Raw264.7, and A549 cells were purchased from Conservation genetics CAS Kunming cell bank.
3
Neuroprotective Effects of Natural Compounds
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Nutrients including L-tyrosine(CAS No.: 60-18-4), Vitamin B1(CAS No.: 67-03-8), Vitamin B2(CAS No.: 83-88-5), Vitamin B5(CAS No.: 137-08-6), Vitamin B6(CAS No.: 58-56-0), Vitamin B12(CAS No.: 68-19-9), Quercetin(CAS No.: 117-39-5), Resveratrol(CAS No.: 501-36-0), Tea Polyphenols(CAS No.: 84650-60-2), Genistein(CAS No.: 446-72-0), Baicalein(CAS No.: 491-67-8), Luteolin(CAS No.: 491-70-3), Proanthocyanidin(CAS No.: 4852-22-6) and Naringin(CAS No.: 10236-47-2) are all purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology (Shanghai, China); CCK8 kit and ROS kit are purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China).
Instruments includes Artificial climate box (ZRQ-400); Morris water maze (JLBehav-MWMG); Shuttle box (JLBehav-STG-4); Fluorescent dye 2′, 7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA, Sigma, USA).
Instruments includes Artificial climate box (ZRQ-400); Morris water maze (JLBehav-MWMG); Shuttle box (JLBehav-STG-4); Fluorescent dye 2′, 7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA, Sigma, USA).
4
Inhibiting c-Myc Signaling Pathways
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c-Myc inhibitors (10,058-F4 and 10,074-G5) were obtained from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). Artemisinin (ARTS), Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), Shikonin, Oridonin, Andrographolide, Baicalein, Sulforaphane and Luteolin (purity ≥98%) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). RPMI-1640, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), Opti-MEM and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco/BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Sulforhodamine B (SRB) and DMSO were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Homo c-Myc plasmid was obtained from Gene Pharma (Gene Pharma Co., Ltd., China). Primary antibodies against c-Myc and PD-L1 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA); β-actin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). All secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).
5
Genetic Transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana
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Nicotiana benthamiana was used for genetic transformation, the seeds of this tobacco from Laboratory stocks. Escherichia coli strains DH5α and XL10-Gold, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 (WeidiBio, Shanghai, China) were used in this study. HPLC-grade acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid were purchased from Fisher (Emerson, IA, USA). The ClonExpress Ultra One Step Cloning Kit, ClonExpress MultiS One Step Cloning Kit, ClonExpress Ultra One Step Cloning Kit, 2× Rapid Taq Master Mix, HiScript III 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (+gDNA wiper), and Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix were purchased from Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The Ultrapure RNA Kit (DNase I) was obtained from CWBIO. Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The plant genomic DNA kits, restriction enzymes, and DNA Marker III were purchased from TianGen Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The KOD OnePCR master Mix was obtained from TOYOBO Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The PBI121 and pCAMBIA1300 plasmids were from laboratory stock. The baicalein standard was obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) unless otherwise specified. All crocin standards, including crocin V, crocin IV, crocin III, crocin II, and crocin I, as well as crocetin were purchased from the third-party scientific research platform CASmart (https://www.casmart.com.cn/ [1 January 2023]).
6
Phytochemical Compound Characterization
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Epicatechin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, isoquercitrin, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid were purchased from Adamas Reagent, Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Other standard reference materials including 4-methoxysalicylic acid, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, isoferulic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, gentiopicrin, grosvenorine, diosmin, isorhamnetin and baicalein were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 2,4,6-tri(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 4-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG) were all obtained from Adamas Reagent, Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile and formic acid (99.9%, HPLC grade) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Cellulase (400 u/mg) from Trichoderma Vride G, hemiCellulase (20,000 u/g) and pectinase (500 u/mg) from Aspergillus niger were all supplied from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other reagents and chemicals used in this study are analytical grade.
7
Flavonoid Compound Procurement Protocol
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Naringenin, eriodictyol, apigenin, luteolin, liquiritigenin, butin, sakuranetin, kaempferol, quercetin, dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, eriocitrin, pinocembrin, narirutin, naringin, chrysin, genkwanin, baicalein, scutellarein, norwogonin, wogonin, and neoeriocitrin were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Hesperidin, neoHesperidin, sinensetin, isosinensetin, and nobiletin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). 7-O-methyleriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and 5-HPMF were purchased from BioBioPha Co., Ltd (Kunming, China).
8
Extraction and HPLC Analysis of Scutellaria baicalensis
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HPLC-grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck Co., Inc. (Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC-grade phosphoric acid and analytical-grade methanol were purchased from Tianjin Komiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Four reference compounds (baicalein, baicalin, wogonoside, wogonin, HPLC ≥ 98%) were purchased from Shanghai Yuan ye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water was generated using a You put Ultrapure Water System (Sichuan, China).
The fresh roots of two-year-old S. baicalensis plants were harvested in April 2020 from Tongchuan (Shaanxi, China). Additionally, they were identified by Professor Zongsuo Liang (Zhejiang Sci-tech University). The samples were divided into 16 batches after being cleaned of soil and impurities.
The fresh roots of two-year-old S. baicalensis plants were harvested in April 2020 from Tongchuan (Shaanxi, China). Additionally, they were identified by Professor Zongsuo Liang (Zhejiang Sci-tech University). The samples were divided into 16 batches after being cleaned of soil and impurities.
9
SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Inhibition FRET Assay
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A FRET assay was adopted to measure the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibition activity. Fluorescence values were determined using the CLARIOstar Plus multifunctional microplate detection system (BMG Labtech, Offenburg, Germany). The SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor baicalein (56 (link), 57 (link)) (Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China, purity ≥ 98%) was used as a positive control. Detailed information on this experiment is provided in SI Appendix, Supplement 6 .
10
Baicalein Cytotoxicity Evaluation in H1975
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Baicalein was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology, Co., Ltd. (HPLC ≥ 98%, shanghai, China). Test samples were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma, United States) to get 100 mM, as a stock solution, and then stored at 4°C, it was not degrade due to high concentration of DMSO. The final dilutions of DMSO added to the culture medium never exceeded 0.1% what insured there was no effect on cell viability.
H1975 cells in the logarithmic phase were seeded at a density of 1 × 105 cells/ml in 96-well culture plates. After incubated 48 h, cells were exposed to different concentrations of Baicalein (1.675, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 150 μmol/L), RAW264.7 and H1975 cells have the same experimental protocol. After treatment for 48 h, then, 10 μl of CCK-8 assay (Best Bio, Shanghai, China) was added to each well and the cells were incubated for 1–4 h at 37°C and 5% CO2. A plate reader was used to detect the optical density (OD) absorbance at 450 nm. The cell viability was calculated as: OD of treatment/OD of control × 100%.
H1975 cells in the logarithmic phase were seeded at a density of 1 × 105 cells/ml in 96-well culture plates. After incubated 48 h, cells were exposed to different concentrations of Baicalein (1.675, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 150 μmol/L), RAW264.7 and H1975 cells have the same experimental protocol. After treatment for 48 h, then, 10 μl of CCK-8 assay (Best Bio, Shanghai, China) was added to each well and the cells were incubated for 1–4 h at 37°C and 5% CO2. A plate reader was used to detect the optical density (OD) absorbance at 450 nm. The cell viability was calculated as: OD of treatment/OD of control × 100%.
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