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4 protocols using sulphatase

1

Quantifying Glucosinolates in Arabidopsis

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35S::BoLSU1, 35S::BoLSU2 and wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings were treated with sulfur deficiency for 7 d. Then, 150 mg seedlings were harvested for glucosinolate purification with reference to previous descriptions [37 (link)]. GSLs were extracted with 5 mL 80% pre-cooled methanol and the extraction passed through DEAE sephadex columns followed by sulphatase (Sigma, Shanghai, China) treatment. Sinigrin (Sigma, Shanghai, China) was used as an external standard. Extract solutions (5 μL) were subjected into Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) (Agilent, 1290 infinity II) and GSLs were separated on ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3 (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters). GSL concentrations were normalized to fresh weight.
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2

Comprehensive Enzyme Assay Preparation

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Cellulase, chitinase, chitosanase (25.9 U/mL), drieselase, β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase (140 U/mL), hyaluronidase, laminarinase, lysozyme, lyticase, macerozyme, pectinase (3,000 U/mL), pectolyase, sulphatase (3.37 mg/mL), and trypsin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Zymolyase (10 mg/mL) was purchased from ZymoResearch (Irvine, CA). macerozyme was purchased from RPI corp (Mt Prospect, IL). Stock concentrations of enzymes were 20 mg/mL unless otherwise noted.
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3

Urine Metabolite Extraction and Enrichment

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Organic extracts from the urine samples were prepared as described previously (Kato et al. 2004b ). In brief, urine aliquots were thawed and filtered to remove urothelial cells. The volume of each sample was recorded, and the urine was enzymatically de-conjugated in 0.2-M (10% v/v) sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) containing β-glucuronidase (6 units/ml urine; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and sulphatase (2 units/ml urine, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 16 h at 37°C. The de-conjugated urinary metabolites were then extracted and concentrated by pouring the urine through two C-18 silica-gel columns stacked in tandem (Waters Sep-Pak WAT04305, Milford, MA, USA). The eluted urine was discarded, and a new tube was placed under the column to collect the organics, which were eluted by pouring 10 ml of methanol through the column. The methanol extract was filtered through a 0.22-μm filter and then solvent-exchanged with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to produce an organic concentrate at 150×. These extracts were stored at 4°C until mutagenicity assays were conducted.
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4

Urine Metabolite Extraction for Mutagenicity

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Coded urine samples (~50ml) were thawed and filtered to remove urothelial cells. The exact volume of each sample was recorded, and the samples enzymatically deconjugated in 0.2M (10% v/v) sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) (Sigma–Aldrich Canada, Oakville, Ontario, Canada), containing β-glucuronidase (6 units/ml urine; Sigma–Aldrich Canada) and sulphatase (2 units/ml urine; Sigma–Aldrich Canada) for 16h at 37°C. Deconjugated urinary metabolites were then concentrated using solid-phase extraction on C18 silica (Avantor Performance Materials, Center Valley, PA, USA) with methanol elution (EMD Chemicals, Billerica, MA, USA) as described previously (21 (link),28 (link)). The resulting extracts were reconstituted in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO; Sigma–Aldrich Canada) to produce urine extracts suitable for mutagenicity assessment. Extracts were stored at 4°C until use.
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