All chemicals used in this investigation were of analytical reagent grade. Water was purified by a Milli-Q Ultra Pure Water System (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Diazepam, flunitrazepam, and lorazepam were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). All the samples were diluted in Britton-Robinson Buffer, pH 10 (0.04 M H3BO3, 0.04 M H3PO4, 0.04 M CH3COOH, and 0.1 M NaOH). Modifiers employed in the preparation of electrodes were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich: platinum nanopowder, 50 nm particle size (Ref. 6845453); copper (II) oxide, 50 nm particle size (Ref. 544868); copper nanopowder, 40–60 nm particle size (Ref. 774111); and tungsten (VI) oxide, 100 nm particle size (Ref. 550086).
Flunitrazepam
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Spain, Japan, United States, Denmark, United Kingdom
Flunitrazepam is a benzodiazepine compound used in laboratory settings for research purposes. It functions as a central nervous system depressant. No further details on intended use can be provided.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Diazepam, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Temazepam, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Clonazepam, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Alprazolam, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Oxazepam, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Milli q ultrapure water system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lorazepam, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Copper nanopowder, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tungsten 6 oxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Copper 2 oxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sevoflurane, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions)
Ensure liquid, by Abbott (1 mentions)
Diazepam d5, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chloroform, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Isopropanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ethyl acetate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Eicosane, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Hplc grade acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
8 protocols using flunitrazepam
1
Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Benzodiazepines
2
Quantitative Analysis of CBZ
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CBZ was purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Flunitrazepam, as the internal standard, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan). Tegretol® powder (2-fold dilution in the presence of a vehicle; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Osaka, Japan), F2α® (TERUMO Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), Racol® NF (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), Ensure Liquid® (Abbott Japan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and Renalen® LP (Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) were purchased from commercial sources. For animal anesthesia, sevoflurane was purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. Acetonitrile (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan) was of chromatographic reagent grade, and the other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade.
3
Detecting Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault in Beverages
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All chemicals used were analytical reagent grade or better. Chloroform, ethyl acetate, isopropanol and methanol were purchased from Fisher Chemicals; eicosane was purchased from Acros Organics; diazepam, diazepam-d5, flunitrazepam and temazepam were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company; bis(trimethyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) derivatising agent was purchased from Supelco Analytical.
The beverages used were Bacardi Breezer, an alcopop, orange flavour, 4% by volume, Becks Beer, 5% by volume, Hardy’s Classic Selection Chardonnay 2010, 12.5% by volume, J2O apple and mango, Chekov Imperial Vodka, 37.5% by volume, and were all purchased from local supermarket stores in Cambridge, UK during the period Oct 10–July 2011. The five drinks tested in this research were selected to represent common drink types consumed by women in the 16–24 years age group – a group at considerable risk of being the victim of DFSA.
The beverages used were Bacardi Breezer, an alcopop, orange flavour, 4% by volume, Becks Beer, 5% by volume, Hardy’s Classic Selection Chardonnay 2010, 12.5% by volume, J2O apple and mango, Chekov Imperial Vodka, 37.5% by volume, and were all purchased from local supermarket stores in Cambridge, UK during the period Oct 10–July 2011. The five drinks tested in this research were selected to represent common drink types consumed by women in the 16–24 years age group – a group at considerable risk of being the victim of DFSA.
4
Capillary Column Optimization and Peptide Analysis
5
Pharmacological Agents for Behavioral Studies
6
Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization
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THIP (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol, also termed gaboxadol) and Thio-THIP (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol) were synthesized in-house essentially as previously described [23 (link), 24 (link)]. DS1 (4-chloro-N-[6,8-dibromo-2-(2-thienyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-yl benzamide), DS2 (4-chloro-N-[2-(2-thienyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-yl benzamide) and flunitrazepam were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Copenhagen, Denmark), Tocris Cookson (Bristol, UK) and Roche (Mannheim, Germany), respectively, and diazepam, clonazepam, zolpidem, muscimol and baclofen were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). The in vitro pharmacological properties of the respective drugs are given in Table 1 and will be outlined given in more detail in Results.
7
Analytical Standards for Neuropharmacological Compounds
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Sample preparation was performed with analytical grade solvents obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). LC-MS grade acetonitrile for the mobile phase was obtained from Fisher Scientific GmbH (Schwerte, Germany), and water and formic acid (99% purity) were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). The following deuterated standards (99% purity) were purchased from LGC Standards GmbH (Wesel, Germany): 6 Furthermore, the following standards (99% purity) were purchased from LGC Standards GmbH (Wesel, Germany) or Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO): 7-aminoflunitrazepam, alprazolam, amisulpride, amitriptyline, aripiprazole, benperidol, bromazepam, bupropion, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, citalopram, clomipramine, clonazepam, clozapine, diazepam, doxepin, flunitrazepam, fluoxetine, fluphenazine, flupentixol, f l u v o x a m i n e , h a l o p e r i d o l , h y d r o x y r i s p e r i d o n e , levomepromazine, maprotiline, melperone, methylphenidate, mianserin, midazolam, mirtazapine, norcitalopram, norclomipramine, norclozapine, nordiazepam, nordoxepin, nortriptyline, norvenlafaxine, olanzapine, opipramol, oxazepam, paroxetine, pipamperone, promethazine, quetiapine, sulpiride, temazepam, trazodone, trimipramine, venlafaxine, and zuclopenthixol. A standard mixture containing 10 ng/μL of each analyte in methanol was prepared and diluted as required.
8
Quantitative Analysis of Benzodiazepines
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4'-chlorodiazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, desalkylflurazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, prazepam and temazepam were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). 3-hydroxyphenazepam, deschloroetizolam, diclazepam, etizolam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam, meclonazepam, phenazepam and pyrazolam were obtained from Chiron (Trondheim, Norway). All compounds were received as powdered solids.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, phosphoric acid, sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, acetic acid, sodium acetate trihydrate, boric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and octan-1-ol were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) tablets were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK).
Human plasma (pooled, from three male donors and three female donors) was obtained from Seralab (West Sussex, UK). Plasma was received frozen with sodium citrate as an anticoagulant.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, phosphoric acid, sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, acetic acid, sodium acetate trihydrate, boric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and octan-1-ol were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) tablets were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK).
Human plasma (pooled, from three male donors and three female donors) was obtained from Seralab (West Sussex, UK). Plasma was received frozen with sodium citrate as an anticoagulant.
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