Dusp1

All antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), and they were used as follows: CYR61 (no. ab230947, diluted: 1:1000), TIMP1 (no. ab211926, diluted: 1:1000), SOD2 (no. ab68155, diluted: 1:1000), IL6 (no. ab233706, diluted: 1:1000), SERPINE2 (no. ab134905, diluted: 1:1000), DUSP1 (no. ab61201, diluted: 1:1000), TNFSF9 (no. ab68185, diluted: 1:1000), OSMR (no. ab282577, diluted: 1:1000), TNFRSF10D (no. ab108421, diluted: 1:1000), TNFRSF12A (no. ab109365, diluted: 1:1000) and GAPDH (no. ab181602, diluted: 1:1000). The anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) (Dylight (TM) 800 4 × PEG Conjugate) secondary antibodies that were used in this study were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology and used at a 1:30,000 dilution in the experiments.

Protein was extracted from exosomes and cells using radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (Beyotime) containing Phenylemethanesulfonyl fluoride (Beyotime). A total of 20 μg of protein was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate ‐ polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were incubated overnight with primary antibodies as follows: CD63 (Abcam, MA, USA), CD81 (Abcam), DUSP1 (Abcam), GAPDH (Abmart, Shanghai, China). The membranes were then incubated with secondary antibodies: anti‐mouse IgG (Abmart), anti‐goat IgG (proteintech Group, IL, USA).