Commercial Imidacloprid 20% EC formulation, with the name Confidor was obtained from Bayer. Kits for SGOT, SGPT, ALP and TBIL were purchased from Human, Germany.
Confidor
Manufactured by Bayer
Sourced in Germany
Confidor is a laboratory equipment product designed for use in analytical and research settings. It serves as a precision tool for tasks such as sample preparation, extraction, and purification. The core function of Confidor is to provide reliable and consistent results, supporting the scientific process.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Infinite m200 pro spectrophotometer, by Tecan (3 mentions)
Genejet plant genomic dna purification kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Ortiva, by Syngenta (3 mentions)
Celest, by Syngenta (3 mentions)
Gelred, by Biotium (2 mentions)
Ivermectin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Imidacloprid, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Chlorantraniliprole, by DuPont (1 mentions)
Analytical reagent sucrose, by Chem-Supply (1 mentions)
Dneasy powersoil kit, by Qiagen (1 mentions)
Agencourt ampure xp, by Beckman Coulter (1 mentions)
Phusion flash high fidelity master mix, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Folicur, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Roundup, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Actara, by Syngenta (1 mentions)
17 protocols using confidor
1
Imidacloprid Toxicity Assessment
2
Quantifying Insecticide Response in Drosophila
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The response of D. melanogaster larvae to imidacloprid was measured using the WI assay, which estimates the insecticidal effect by quantifying the reduction in motility during insecticide exposure32 (link). Third instar larvae of each genotype were picked, 25 per well, into a NUNC cell culture treated 24 well plate (Thermo-Scientific) preloaded with 200 µL 5% w/v sucrose (AR Grade; Chem Supply) in distilled H20. Larvae were filmed for 30 seconds at two time points, 0 min (before starting the exposure) and at 60 min after the addition of specific concentrations of imidacloprid (200 g L−1 Confidor®; Bayer Crop Science). Subsequently, the WI ImageJ script was used to quantify the total motion in each well at each time point. The ratio between initial and final motility was used to calculate Relative Movement Ratios (RMRs), which were averaged to estimate imidacloprid response for each genotype tested in this study. 178 DGRP genotypes were considered at doses of 25 and 100 ppm as was RAL_517 and RAL_517-Cyp6g1KO. Other Cyp6g1 knockouts were tested at 5 ppm. UAS-Cyp6g1 and UAS-Cyp6g2 were tested at 20 and 40 ppm.
3
Whitefly-Mediated Transmission of PepYVMLV
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A non-viruliferous B. tabaci colony of the cryptic species MEAM1 (formerly biotype B) was reared on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea), in a growth chamber at 25 °C in the day and 20 °C at night, with 70% relative humidity and a 12-h photoperiod. Viruliferous whiteflies were obtained after a 72-h acquisition access period (AAP) on tomato plants agroinoculated in single or mixed infections with PepYVMLV DNA-A and PepYVMLV DNA-B. After the AAP, adult females were collected based on morphological criteria, mainly the size of the abdomen, verified under binocular and a single insect was than deposited on each healthy tomato seedlings (Farmer 209, Known-You Seed) at the one-leaf growth stage, and then placed under micro-cages for a 72-h inoculation access period (IAP). At the end of the IAP, insects were manually removed, and the tomato seedlings were sprayed with insecticide (Confidor®, Bayer). In order to discard insects with an unknown IAP, only plants on which the insect had been found alive were used for the rest of the experiment (PepYVMLV DNA-A, n = 80 plants; PepYVMLV DNA-A + DNA-B, n = 81 plants). Negative controls were mock-inoculated plants (non-viruliferous whiteflies, n = 20 plants). The plants were maintained in the same growth conditions as those described above. After 30 days, symptoms were assessed, and plants were tested for the presence of viral DNA by PCR.
4
Pesticide Dilution Protocol for Toxicity Assays
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Chlorantraniliprole (10 gL-1 Coragen®; Du Pont), Imidacloprid (200 gL-1 Confidor®; Bayer Crop Science), and Spinosad (10 gL-1 Success®; Yates) were all purchased commercially and diluted to 5,000ppm stocks using distilled water. On the day of exposure, 5x stocks were generated for each dose being used (Chlorantraniliprole: 60, 30, 15, 7.5, 3.75, 0ppm; Imidacloprid: 240, 120, 60, 30, 15, 0ppm; Spinosad: 240, 60, 30, 15, 7.5, 3.75, 0 ppm) by diluting the 5,000ppm stock in 5% Analytical Reagent sucrose (Chem Supply). A similar procedure was followed for Ivermectin (Sigma), and a 10,000ppm stock was generated using DMSO as a solvent. 5x stocks were generated (120, 60, 30, 15, 7.5, 0 ppm) by dissolving the original stock in 5% sucrose, and the highest concentration of DMSO used in dosing was added to the 0ppm solution in order to control for solvent effects, none of which were observed.
5
Pesticide Toxicity Evaluation in Rats
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L-Drint 20 [(20% emulsifiable concentrate (EC) chlorpyrifos)], Confidor [(17.8% soluble liquid (SL) imidacloprid)], Parastar (2% imidacloprid + 2% lambda cyhalothrin) and Furaplant (10% oxamyl) were purchased from Bayer Company (New Delhi, India). Kits for ALT and AST were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (New Delhi, India), while antioxidant enzymes and MDA quantification was carried out with biochemical reagents of molecular grade.
6
Sorghum Seed Germination and DNA Extraction
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Sorghum seeds (5–20 per sample) were sown in peat, watered, and were treated with a fungicide (Ortiva, Syngenta, 1ml/L) and an insecticide (Confidor, Bayer, 0.75 ml/L) to protect young plantlets from pathogens and pests. For part of samples grown in winter, seeds were treated with a seed-coating fungicide (Celest, Syngenta, 4 ml/L in water) and allowed to germinate on wet filter paper within petri dishes laid in the incubator Venticell 111 (MMM group) at 25°C for 4–6 days. 1–3 healthy plantlets (nearly 10–30 cm tall) or 3–5 germinated seeds were collected for each sample and DNA was extracted using the GeneJET Plant Genomic DNA Purification Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific), following manufacturer's instructions. DNA concentration and purity were evaluated by a Tecan Infinite M200Pro spectrophotometer (Tecan Group Ltd., Switzerland), while DNA integrity was checked through 1% agarose gel electrophoresis containing 10 μl/L GelRed (Biotium) as fluorescent dye. For each DNA sample, an aliquot of 60 μl at a concentration ≥ 10 ng/μl was used for downstream analyses.
7
Bioassays of Pesticide Formulations
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For bioassays, commercial formulations of Curacron® (profenophos, 500 g/litre, 500 EC; Syngenta Pakistan Ltd., Karachi, Pakistan); Confidor® (imidacloprid, 700g/kg, 70 WG; Bayer Crop Sciences, Pakistan Pvt. Ltd., Karachi, Pakistan); Lorsban® (chlorpyrifos, 400 g/litre, 40 EC; Arysta Life Science Pakistan Pvt. Ltd., Karachi, Pakistan); Arrivo® (cypermethrin, 100 g/litre, 10% EC; FMC United Pvt. Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan), Deltamethrin® (deltamethrin, 25 g/ litre, 2.5% EC; Target Agro Chemicals, Lahore, Pakistan); Tracer® (spinosad, 240 g/litre, 240 SC; Arysta Life Science, Pakistan Pvt. Ltd.), Karate® (lambda-cyhalothrin 50g/litre, 5 EC; Syngenta Pakistan Ltd., Karachi, Pakistan) were used and phosphine was generated using aluminum phosphide tablets (Celphos 56%; Jaffer Brothers (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan).
8
Tomato Cultivar Marmande Metabolomics and Metagenomics
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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. Marmande seeds were purchased from SeedsSelect (Fuscello Agostino Sementi srl., Andria BT, Puglia, IT). The fungicide Folicur (tebuconazole 300 g L -1 SC), the insecticide Confidor (imidacloprod 300 g L -1 EC), and the herbicide Roundup (glyphosate 300 g L -1 SC) were commercial formulations bought from Bayer Cropscience, Milan Italy. The fertilizer urea was purchased from Biuron (Borealis Agrolinz Melamine GmbH, Linz, AT). Water for the control treatment consisted of grade II ultrapure deionized water (HOH Water Technology, Palatine, USA). Formic acid, methanol and water used in the metabolomics experiments were LCMS grade from Merck.Metagenomic experiments used the DNeasy PowerSoil Kit (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany), Phusion Flash High-Fidelity Master Mix (Thermo Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA, U.S.A.), PCR ultrapure nuclease free water (Thermo Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA, U.S.A.), and Agencourt AMPure XP (Beckman Coulter, Milan, Italy) .
9
Inoculating Plants with Viral Pathogens
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Plants were inoculated with TYLCV using clip-cages as described before [30 (link)]. Adult whiteflies were allowed for a 48-h acquisition access period (AAP) on TYLCV-infected tomato source plants. Following the AAP, 50 whiteflies were placed in a clip cage. Then one clip cage was attached to the second leaf from the apex of each tomato or tobacco test plant (two- to the three-true-leaf stage). Whiteflies were allowed for a 48-h inoculation access period (IAP) on the tomato test plants. Following the IAP, the clip cages were removed, and plants were treated with imidacloprid (Confidor, Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) [31 (link),32 ]. Control plants were treated with whiteflies without TYLCV (non-viruliferous). Plants were maintained in an insect-proof greenhouse at 26–32 °C before analysis at 16 days post-inoculation [31 (link),32 ]. Infected tobacco plants were verified by PCR analysis due to lack of symptoms (Figure S1 ).
Test plants infected with TMV or ToBRFV were inoculated mechanically: young leaves of inoculated tomato plants were ground in mortar and pastel and diluted in inoculation buffer (20 mM phosphate, pH 7.4). The leaf extract was applied gently to leaves of tomato and/or tobacco test plants using carborundum as an abrasive [12 (link),27 (link)]. After inoculation, the leaves were rinsed with water, and plants were kept in a greenhouse.
Test plants infected with TMV or ToBRFV were inoculated mechanically: young leaves of inoculated tomato plants were ground in mortar and pastel and diluted in inoculation buffer (20 mM phosphate, pH 7.4). The leaf extract was applied gently to leaves of tomato and/or tobacco test plants using carborundum as an abrasive [12 (link),27 (link)]. After inoculation, the leaves were rinsed with water, and plants were kept in a greenhouse.
10
Acquisition and Inoculation of Lso in Psyllids
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Adult psyllids of B. tremblayi were tested for both the acquisition of Lso from carrots and the inoculation of carrots with Lso. Groups of psyllids were exposed to Lso-infected carrot plants for an acquisition access period (AAP) of 72 h. Then, the psyllids were removed from carrots and transferred to leek plants for 15 d (latency period of Lso). After the 15 d, 400 psyllids were collected from the leek plants and transferred to 100 healthy carrot plants, each contained in a transparent, plastic cylindrical cage (4 psyllids/plant). The psyllids had access to the entire plant for an inoculation access period (IAP) of 24 h. Later, the psyllids were removed and tested individually using real-time PCR. Plants exposed to groups of insects that tested negative for Lso by real-time PCR (70 plants) were discarded from the analysis. Plants exposed to groups of insects that tested positive for Lso (30 plants) were sprayed with 1 g L−1 of Confidor ® (Bayer, Kansas City, MO, USA) on days zero and 10 and were maintained under greenhouse conditions for eight weeks to test for Lso by visual inspection of symptoms and by real-time PCR.
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