Focus 5

Manufactured by Helicon

Focus 5.3 is a laboratory instrument designed for spectroscopic analysis. It provides functionality for measuring and analyzing spectral data.

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Lab products found in correlation

Smz18, by Canon (2 mentions) Eos 7d, by Canon (2 mentions) Eos 7d camera, by Canon (2 mentions) M205c microscope, by Leica camera (2 mentions) Macro ring lite mr 14ex, by Canon (1 mentions) Eos 400d, by Canon (1 mentions) Dfc 490 digital, by Leica camera (1 mentions) Leica mz12, by Leica camera (1 mentions) Z16 apo, by Leica camera (1 mentions) Illustrator cs6, by Adobe (1 mentions) Illustrator cs4, by Adobe (1 mentions) Eos 450d, by Canon (1 mentions) Eos 600d, by Canon (1 mentions) Bx51 microscope, by Canon (1 mentions) Mz16 stereomicroscope, by Leica camera (1 mentions) Jsm 6480 scanning electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions) Dfc500 camera, by Leica camera (1 mentions) Dfc495, by Leica camera (1 mentions) Leica dfc 490, by Leica camera (1 mentions)

9 protocols using focus 5

Insect Specimen Documentation Workflow

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A stereoscopic microscope Leica MZ12 and a light source Leica KL 1500 LCD were used for optical examination. The measurements were done with an ocular micrometer.
Photographs of whole insects or different body parts were taken with a Canon EOS 400D Digital camera and a Canon Macro Ring Lite MR-14EX flash device. Detailed multi-focus photographs of the diagnostic characters were taken with a Leica DFC 490 Digital camera on a Leica Z16Apo stereoscopic microscope using Leica Application Suite Version 4.5.0 and merged with Helicon Focus 5.3.14.
The digital drawings were produced with the use of a graphical tablet (Wacom Intuos5 Touch M), Adobe Photoshop CS4 (Version 11.0.2) and Adobe Illustrator CS4 (Version 14.0.0), as described by Coleman (2003) .
The species key was generated using DELTA (Version 1.02).
All maps were created with QGIS (Version 2.0.1-Dufour) and the use of Google Earth (Version 7.1.2.2041). The political map of Australia was downloaded from www.naturalearthdata.com.
Images were edited and cleaned of dirt using Adobe Photoshop CS6, Version 13.0.1 and Adobe Illustrator CS6, Version 16.0.1.
The “material examined” section was formatted using the AutoMatEx spreadsheet (Brown 2013 (link)) and Microsoft Excel 2010.

Dörfel T.H, & Ohl M. (2015). A revision of the Australian digger wasps in the genus Sphex (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). ZooKeys.

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Hybotidae Morphological Analysis Protocol

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This study is based on Hybotidae material housed in Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia (ZMMU) and in the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia (ZIN). Pinned, dried specimens were studied. To facilitate observations, the terminalia were macerated in cold 10% KOH, then put for a short period in 85% lactic acid and immersed in glycerine. The photo was produced using a Nikon SMZ 1500 stereomicroscope equipped with a Nikon D700 digital SLR camera and were aligned and stacked using the Helicon Focus 5.3.14 software. The holotype of the new species is housed in ZMMU.

Shamshev I.V. (2020). First record of the genus Oedalea Meigen (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Vietnam, with description of a new species and a key to species of the Oriental Region. rej, 29(1), 218-221.

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Morphology and Taxonomy of Lycocerus fainanus

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Morphological terminology used in this study mainly follows that of Okushima [2 ]. The abbreviations in the figures are as follows, female genitalia (ag: accessory gland; di: diverticulum; sd: spermathecal duct; sp: spermatheca;ov: median oviduct; va: vagina) and male genitalia (bp: basal piece; dp: dorsal plate of each paramere; is: inner sac of median lobe; lp: laterophyse; ml: median lobe; pm: process of median lobe; vp: ventral process of each paramere).
The definition of Lycocerusfainanus species group follows Okushima and Hsiao [7 ]. The material was determined on the basis of the examination of type specimens, also with reference to the publication by Wittmer [17 ], as well as our own taxon concepts.
Genitalia of both sexes and abdominal sternites VIII of females were dissected and cleared in 10% NaOH solution, and female genitalia was dyed with hematoxylin. Habitus photos were taken by a Leica M205A stereomicroscope; multiple layers were stacked using Combine ZM (Helicon Focus 5.3). Line drawings were made using a camera lucida attached to a Nikon SMZ1500 stereomicroscope, then edited in CorelDRAW 12 and Adobe Photoshop CS3.10.0.1.

Xi H., Wang Y., Liu T., Yang X., Liu H, & Yang Y. (2021). Spatial Origin and Diversification of the Lycocerus fainanus Species Group (Coleoptera, Cantharidae), with Descriptions of Four New Species from China and Vietnam. Insects, 12(5), 445.

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Insect Photographic Documentation Protocol

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Habitus images were obtained using a Canon EOS 7D and 60mm macro lens. Detail images of heads, pronota, and wings were obtained using a Microscope (Nikon SMZ18) with a Canon EOS 600D. Genital images were taken using an Olympus BX51 with a Canon EOS 450D. Images were stacked using the EOS Utility 2, and Helicon focus 5.3. Photographs were edited with Adobe Photoshop CS4, including adjustment of background color and cropping without modifying any characters. All the images were taken in the laboratory by the authors. The plate of male genitalia is that of the paratype.

Zhao Y., Galvão C, & Cai W. (2021). Rhodnius micki, a new species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) from Bolivia. ZooKeys, 1012, 71-93.

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Specimen Imaging Techniques for Taxonomic Research

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Habitus images of the specimens were captured using a Canon EOS 7D camera equipped with a 100 mm macro lens. For obtaining detailed images of heads, pronota, and scutella, a microscope (Nikon SMZ18) equipped with a Canon EOS 7D was used. Genital images were captured using an Olympus BX51 microscope coupled with a Canon EOS 7D camera. To produce images with an extended depth of field, a focus stacking technique was applied using Helicon Focus 5.3. The species distribution map was created using ArcMap 10.8. Finally, image plates were processed and edited using Adobe Photoshop 2020.

Zhao Y., Fan M., Li H, & Cai W. (2023). Review of Kissing Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) from China with Descriptions of Two New Species. Insects, 14(5), 450.

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Deep-sea Bryozoan Specimen Analysis

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Five specimens were examined from

46°59'45"S, 38°00'39"E

, at depths of 360–376 m, between Marion and Prince Edward Island south of South Africa. The holotype was stained with methyl green for photography using a Canon EOS 7D camera with a Macro EF 100 mm lens and a Spot Flex CCD 15.2 fitted on a Leica MZ16 Stereo microscope at the Australian Museum, Sydney. The software Helicon Focus 5.3 was used for focus stacking. Another specimen from the same sample was dehydrated in ethanol, critical point dried, coated with 20 nm of gold and examined under a JEOL JSM-6480 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at Macquarie University, Sydney. Terminology follows that of Hutchings et al. (2019). Data on the holotype are given, with the variations of the other material, all designated as paratypes, given in parentheses in the case of complete specimens. All material is deposited in Iziko Museums of South Africa (formerly South African Museum, Cape Town).

Zhang J, & Hutchings P. (2021). A new species of Petta (Annelida, Pectinariidae), with comments on Pettaassimilis McIntosh, 1885. ZooKeys, 1067, 83-92.

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Rearing and Identifying Mud Nest Inhabitants

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Unknown larvae inside mud nests were reared to adults by placing them inside an empty Petri dish at room temperature until emergence, when they were euthanised at −20 °C and mounted using insect pins. Forty-three nests contained dead, nearly untouched spider prey and were analysed for prey preference. Spider body length was measured from the anterior of the cephalothorax to posterior abdomen, and leg span was measured with the longest pair of legs spread out, perpendicularly to the body. After measurement, spiders were preserved in 85% ethanol and identified with the online key to Australian jumping spiders (https://apps.lucidcentral.org/salticidae/text/intro/index.html (accessed on 28 May 2019)).
Specimen images were taken with a Leica DFC500 camera mounted on a Leica M205C microscope. Raw images were then aligned and stacked using the Leica Application Suite (LAS) V4.9. and Helicon Focus 5.3. software. Insect specimens were identified at the family level using the CSIRO online guide to Australian insect families and narrowed down to genera and species level using taxonomic literature [6 ,20 ,21 ,22 ,23 ,24 ,25 (link)] and the assistance of entomologists of specialized fields.

Yuan D., Beckman J., Florez Fernandez J, & Rodriguez J. (2022). Nest Ecology and Prey Preference of the Mud Dauber Wasp Sceliphron formosum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Insects, 13(12), 1136.

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Sawfly Genitalia and Wing Venation Study

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Terminology of sawfly genitalia follows Ross (1945) . Wing venation follows Niu and Wei (2010 , Plate 1).
The images were obtained using a Leica S8APO digital camera and Motic BA400 microscope and further processed with Helicon Focus 5.1(©HeliconSoft) and Adobe Photoshop CS6 software. The images based on specimens from Nepal were taken at the DEI with a Leica DFC 495 digital camera and M205 C microscope and processed with CombineZ5.3 and PhotoImpact X3.
Abbreviations used are: OOL

= distance between the eye and outer edge of lateral ocellus

; POL

= distance between the mesal edges of the lateral ocelli

; OCL

= distance between a lateral ocellus and the occipital carina or hind margin of the head

; ED

= the ratio of the distance between anterior-lower corner of eyes and the greatest diameter of an eye

. CSCS

= Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China;

SDEI

= Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany

; HNHM

= Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary

; NHRS

= Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden

; NKME

= Naturkundemuseum Erfurt, Germany

; USNM

= National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA

Wei M., Niu G, & Taeger A. (2014). A second species of Tyloceridius Malaise (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). ZooKeys.

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Morphological Study of Onthophagus Beetles

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The morphological study was carried out using syntypes of Onthophagus cervicornis housed in the entomological collection of the Manchester Museum (MMUE, Dmitri Logunov) and currently on loan to one of us (DJM), as well as syntypes of Onthophagus dama (Fabricius coll.), formally ownership of the Zoological Museum of the University of Kiel, Germany, and permanently on loan to the Natural History Museum of Denmark (ZMUC, Alexey Y. Solodovnikov). Specimens were analysed and photographed with a stereomicroscope Leica M165 and a Leica DFC 490 digital camera attached. Pictures were firstly mounted with Helicon Focus 5.1 (Helicon Soft Ltd.) and then enhanced with GIMP 2.8 (www.gimp.org).

Rossini M., Vaz-de-Mello F.Z, & Mann D.J. (2014). Onthophagus cervicornis Kirby, 1825, new synonym under Onthophagus dama (Fabricius, 1798) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). ZooKeys.

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