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13 protocols using wizard 1470 automatic gamma counter

1

Quantifying PD-L1 Immunoreactivity with 64Cu-FN3 Tracer

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Immunoreactivity of the 64Cu-FN3hPD-L1 tracer was tested by cell-binding assays as previously described (41 (link)). Two hundred microliters of CT26/hPD-L1 cells were suspended in microcentrifuge tubes at concentrations of 5.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.16 and 0.08 × 106 cells/mL in PBS (pH 7.4) with 1% bovine serum albumin (PBSA). Thereafter, each tube received aliquots of 50 μL of 64Cu-FN3hPD-L1 (from a stock solution of 10 μCi in 10 mL PBSA). The triplicate tubes containing the tracer (n=15; final volume 250 μL each) were gently vortexed and incubated at 37°C. Two hours later, the solutions were centrifuged (300×g for 3 minutes), resuspended, and washed twice with ice-cold PBS before removing the supernatant. 64Cu-activity associated with the cell pellet was measured with a gamma counter (1470 WIZARD Automatic Gamma Counter; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA). Competition assays were also performed by the same procedure but with the Raji cells. Linear regression analysis of a plot of total/bound activity versus 1/(normalized cell concentration) was performed, and the immunoreactive fraction was calculated as 1/y-intercept.
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2

Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Assessment

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Blood pressure (BP) was measured three times in sitting position after at least 5 minutes of rest. The average of three recorded systolic and diastolic BP values was used in the present study. Waist circumference (WC) was measured using a flexible tape at the narrowest point between the uppermost lateral border of the iliac crest and the lowest border of the rib cage at the end of normal expiration. Venous blood sampling was performed, and the samples were transported daily to the central laboratory (Seoul Medical Science Institute, Seoul, Korea, in 2007; Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea between 2008 and 2010). After 8 hours of overnight fasting, the fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were determined according to standard procedures using the Advia 1650 (Siemens, Washington, DC, USA) in 2007 and the Hitachi Automatic Analyzer 7600 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) between 2008 and 2010. For the accuracy and consistency of each survey, we used the revised HDL cholesterol values between 2007 and 2010 based on the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.16 17 Insulin concentrations were measured with an immunoradiometric assay (INS-IRMA; BioSource, Nivelles, Belgium) using the 1470 WIZARD automatic gamma counter (PerkinElmer, Turku, Finland).
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3

PET/CT Imaging of SqNOTA and 64Cu-SqNOTA-SqGem NPs in Mice

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Briefly, two mice were placed side by side, anesthetized with isofluorane, and catheterized to ensure proper tail vein injection. Bolus injections of either SqNOTA or 64Cu-SqNOTA-SqGem NPs were administered as PET scans on a Inveon DPET scanner (Siemens) were initiated. Mice were imaged at 0 h and 4 h for 30 minutes on PET. Immediately following each PET scan, mice were imaged on a Siemens Inveon CT. Following the 4 h scans, mice were euthanized by injection of Euthasol and perfused with Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium (DMEM). Organs of interest were harvested and weighed, and radioactivity was measured by Wizard 1470 Automatic Gamma Counter (PerkinElmer), presented as a percent injected dose per gram organ (%ID/g). First 30 min PET images were segmented to 13 frames (15s4f, 30s2f, 60s3f, 300s3f, 600s1f) and reconstructed with maximum a posteriori algorithm. Blood radioactivity was calculated by drawing ROI of left ventricle of heart with PET/CT contrast normalized to 0 and 25 injected dose per cubic centimeter (%ID/cc) by a single observer with Inveon Research Workplace software (Siemens Preclinical Solutions). Using the same software, time activity curves (TACs) were obtained with region-of-interest (ROI) analysis and expressed as %ID/cc.
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4

Biodistribution of Targeted Agent 2

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Animal studies were approved by the Animal Research Ethics Board at McMaster University in accordance with Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) guidelines. Biodistribution studies were performed using female Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Kingston, NY) at the indicated time points. The mice were administered the agents via tail vein injection. In the pretargeting studies, a 5 mg/mL solution of compound 2 in saline was administered (20 mg/kg) 1 h prior to the labeled compound. For all studies, at 6 h post-injection of the labeled compounds, animals were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane and euthanized by cervical dislocation. Fluids, bone (knee, shoulder), and select tissues were collected, weighed, and counted in a PerkinElmer Wizard 1470 Automatic Gamma Counter. Decay correction was used to normalize organ activity measurements to time of dose preparation for data calculations. Data is expressed as percent injected dose per gram tissue or fluid (%ID/g) or percent injected dose per organ (%ID/O).
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5

Chromium Release Cytotoxicity Assay

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YAC-1 target cells were incubated for 90 minutes at 37°C with 100 μCi Na251CrO4 (PerkinElmer). Labeled target cells were washed and then co-cultured at indicated effector:target ratios with splenocytes from stressed or control B6 mice that had received αGC or vehicle 24 hours before cytotoxicity assays. Cell-free supernatants were collected 4 h later, in which the 51Cr activity was quantified using a PerkinElmer Wizard 1470 Automatic Gamma Counter. Experimental release (ER) values were obtained from wells in which effector and target cells were both present. Spontaneous release (SR) and total release (TR) were measured from wells containing medium alone or 1% Triton X-100, respectively. Cytotoxicity was calculated using the following formula: % specific lysis = [(ER-SR) ÷ (TR-SR)] × 100.
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6

Chromium Release Cytotoxicity Assay

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YAC-1 target cells were incubated for 90 minutes at 37°C with 100 μCi Na251CrO4 (PerkinElmer). Labeled target cells were washed and then co-cultured at indicated effector:target ratios with splenocytes from stressed or control B6 mice that had received αGC or vehicle 24 hours before cytotoxicity assays. Cell-free supernatants were collected 4 h later, in which the 51Cr activity was quantified using a PerkinElmer Wizard 1470 Automatic Gamma Counter. Experimental release (ER) values were obtained from wells in which effector and target cells were both present. Spontaneous release (SR) and total release (TR) were measured from wells containing medium alone or 1% Triton X-100, respectively. Cytotoxicity was calculated using the following formula: % specific lysis = [(ER-SR) ÷ (TR-SR)] × 100.
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7

Deblocking Radioiodinated Az Derivative

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To remove formyl protecting groups, the radioiodinated Az derivative was treated with 100 mM sodium hydroxide solution for 12 h. HPLC-MS analysis showed almost complete (>90%) removal of the formyl groups. After deblocking, the reaction mixture was neutralized with dilute hydrochloric acid, giving a solution of diiodoazemiopsin in an isotonic solution of sodium chloride. The concentration of Az in the resulting solution was determined spectrophotometrically from the absorbance at 280 nm and the radioactivity was measured using Wizard 1470 Automatic Gamma Counter (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The specific radioactivity of the derivative was 0.15 Ci/mmole.
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8

Biodistribution of Radiolabeled Antibodies

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One or 2 days after bleomycin administration rats were injected iv with 3 or 10 μg radiolabeled antibodies. After 1 or 24 h, rats were euthanized. Blood and excised major organs were weighed, and radioactivity was measured on a Wizard 1470 Automatic Gamma counter (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Wallac Oy, Finland). Radiation uptake is expressed as percentage of injected dose (% ID) and percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g). Tissue targeting index (TTI) was calculated as antibody per g of lung tissue/antibody per g of blood [10 (link)]. We observed no significant differences in results from day one or two and 3 or 10 μg, and data were pooled.
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9

Radioligand Binding Assay for Opioid Receptors

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[125I]IBNtxA binding were performed using membranes from CHO cells as described previously (Majumdar et al. 2011 (link)). Briefly, [125I]IBNtxA binding was carried out at 25°C for 90 min in binding buffer containing 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.4, and 5 mM magnesium sulfate. The incubation was then rapidly filtered with glass fiber filter paper pre-soaked in 0.5% polyethyleneimine and washed three times with 3 mL of ice-cold filtering buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4). Bound radioactivity on the glass fiber filter was counted on a WIZARD 1470 Automatic Gamma Counter (PerkinElmer). Specific binding was defined as the difference between total binding and nonspecific binding, defined by 1 μM levallorphan. Protein concentration was determined with the Lowry method. In saturation assays, six concentrations of [125I]IBNtxA (0.01 – 0.5 nM) were used. KD and Bmax values were calculated by nonlinear regression analyses (Prism 8). In competition assays, 0.1 – 0.2 nM of [125I]IBNtxA were used against six concentrations of unlabeled drugs (0.1 – 10,000 nM). IC50 values were calculated by nonlinear regression analyses (Prism 8). Ki values were calculated by Ki = IC50/(l + A/KD), where A is the nM concentration of [125I]IBNtxA and KD value is obtained from saturation study.
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10

Periparturient Blood Sampling Protocol

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Animals were blood sampled at 07:00 h in the morning immediately before transferring into the respiration chambers by puncture of the Vena jugularis externa using BD Vacutainers containing potassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Greiner bio-one, Frickenhausen, Germany). Additional blood samples were taken weekly from week -3 to +12 relative to parturition (Supplemental Figure S1). Immediately after collection the vials were processed in a centrifuge at 4 °C for 20 minutes at 1,300 × g. Plasma was harvested and stored at −20 °C until analysis. Plasma concentrations of NEFA and BHBA were analyzed photometrically (Abx Pentra 400, Horiba ABX SAS, Montpellier, France) using kit no. 436-91995 for NEFA (Wako Chemicals GmbH, Neuss, Germany)and kit RB 1008 (Labor und Technik, Berlin, Germany) for BHBA. Plasma acetate concentrations were determined as chloroethyl ester derivative on a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector instrument (GC-FID, Series 2010, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) on a 25 m RTX-1701 column according to Kristensen et al.45 (link). CCK was measured using a double antibody radioimmuno assay (Wizard 1470 Automatic Gamma Counter, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA) according to Relling and Reynolds46 (link).
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