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10 protocols using omni homogenizer

1

Shear Characterization of Core-Shell Particles

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Example 12

In order to evaluate the shear of core-shell particles having TMPTA (VI) shells, an Omni homogenizer with a 10 mm probe was used for large, multi-core particles having deionized water cores and TMPTA shells. The shearing was performed in base oil (IO1618). It was observed that breakage occurred in chunks of particle and did not result in the complete destruction of the particle shell. Without being bond by the theory, the inventors of the present disclosure believe that the breakage profile may be a result of the high shell to core ratio. Referring now to FIGS. 16-18, FIGS. 16-18 show SEM images of particles with TMPTA shells which were broken by using an Omni homogenizer having a 10 mm probe. The volume of the solution was 20 ml, and the shearing was performed for 1 min at a shear rate of 10 K/s.

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2

Neutropenic Mouse Model of S. aureus Infection

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Female C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks old) were purchased from Charles River. After environmental adaptation, mice were induced neutropenic by administering two doses of cyclophosphamide on day 1 (150 mg/kg) and Day 4 (100 mg/kg). On day 5, mice were infected with S. aureus USA300 (~2 × 106 CFU per mouse) via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) as established previously.54 (link) For the treatment groups, mice were i.p. treated 2 h post infection with peptides at a single dose of 5 mg/kg. Our previous study already established that this bacterial strain was able to disseminate to different organs two hours post infection.54 (link) At the end of the experiments, all the animals were sacrificed according to institutional guidelines. Organs, including spleen, liver, lung, and kidney, were harvested, weighed and placed in 1 mL sterile PBS and stored on ice. Harvested organs were subsequently homogenized using an Omni Homogenizer. Proper dilutions were made to get countable colonies. The homogenates were plated onto blood agar plates and incubated overnight at 37 °C. The CFU of each murine tissue was plotted as an individual point and error bars represent the deviation within the experimental group. * indicates p<0.05, ** p <0.01, ***p <0.001 and NS, no significance (determined by Mann-Whitney test).
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3

Oyster Genomic DNA Extraction Protocol

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For each timepoint, 18 oysters were shucked and an OMNI homogenizer (Omni International, Kennesaw, GA) was used to homogenize each whole oyster using ethanol-sanitized equipment. Genomic DNA was isolated from tissue homogenates using the Qiagen PowerSoil kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD) per the manufacturer’s protocol with alterations including a 10-min incubation at 72°C after addition of C1 buffer and a 5-min incubation at 72°C prior to elution in 50 μL dH2O. Tissue homogenates were added to the PowerBead (Qiagen) tubes using a range of weights between 10 and 60 mg. Prior to storage at -20°C, the quantity and purity (i.e., A260 /A280 and A260 /A280) of the gDNA samples were analyzed via a nanospectrophotometer (Implen, Westlake Village, CA).
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4

Quantifying Candida albicans Colonization

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To determine the number of C. albicans colony-forming units (CFUs) in blood and organs of mice, blood was obtained via cardiac puncture and plated onto YPD plates, while tissues were weighed and homogenized with an Omni homogenizer (Omni International) in PBS. The homogenate was then left undiluted or diluted in PBS and plated onto YPD plates containing penicillin and streptomycin. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours and CFUs were counted. The CFU data were presented as the number of CFUs per gram of tissue or per milliliter of blood. To lower the limit of detection for CFUs in the tongue, buccal, or gingival tissues, the entire organ homogenate was plated onto YPD plates. When the entire organ was plated and no CFUs were counted, then a value of 1 was assigned.
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5

Quantitative analysis of imatinib in human plasma

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A CVA standard was obtained in powdered form provided by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Heidelberg Germany). Imatinib, used as an internal standard, was obtained from “Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)”. Ultra-pure water (18 μΩ) was prepared using a Milli-Q plus purification system (Millipore, USA). HPLC-grade solvent (acetonitrile) was supplied by Merck BDH Ltd. (Poole, UK) product. Ammonium formate and formic acid, analytical grade, were acquired from AVONCHEM (Macclesfield, Cheshire, England). Human blood was a kind donation by “King Khaled University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia”. With informed consent acquired from patients, collection of fasted blood samples was carried out followed by separation of plasma, which was kept frozen at − 70 °C. RLMs were prepared and supplied by “the Animal Care Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University”. Millex-GP 0.22 µm syringe filters were obtained from Millipore and OMNI homogenizer was supplied by Omni International (Kennesaw, GA, USA).
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6

Extracting and Quantifying Knee Collagen Biomarkers

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Protein was extracted from knee joints according to Nielsen et al (24 (link)) at week 0, 1, 2 and 4 after operation. Knee joints were isolated after euthanasia as described above, then immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C for use. The tibia and femur were cut 3 mm from the joint, producing samples weighing 500–700 mg. These samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen again, and transferred to a Bessman tissue pulverizer (Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp.). The samples were crushed with 3 ml extraction buffer, consisting of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4), 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.1 M NaCl, 10 Mm (GM6001; Enzo Life Sciences, Inc.) and 1 tablet/10 ml buffer of Complete Mini EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics). Tissues were homogenized twice for 30 sec using an OMNI homogenizer (Omni International, Inc.) at speed level 4, then the samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 1,700 × g and 4°C, supernatants were obtained and centrifuged at 10,000 × g and 4°C. Finally, the supernatants were stored at −20°C until use.
Rat-specific commercially available ELISA kits (Elabscience®) were used to evaluate the levels of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX)-I (cat no. E-EL-R1456) and CTX–II (cat no. E-EL-R2554) in protein extracts collected from the knee, according to the manufacturer's instructions (24 (link)).
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7

Intranasal Immunity against Francisella tularensis

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C57BL/6 mice were immunized intranasally (i.n) with PBS, iFt, or mAb-iFt, boosted on day 21 and challenged on day 35 with 10,000 CFUs of live Ft LVS. After 48 hours post-infection peritoneal cells were obtained from all groups and cultured for 24 hours with either LVS (1:10 and 1:100 MOI), Ft-LPS (kindly provided by Dr. Timothy Sellati-Albany Medical College, Albany, NY) or E. coli-LPS (Sigma) at 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL and 20 ng/ml, or recombinant IFN-γ (Invitrogen) at 100 U/ml. Supernatants were collected at designated time points and the levels of IL-12p70, TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines were measured using BD Biosciences Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) following vendor instructions.
In a separate experiment, lung tissue (left lobe) was harvested from immunized mice and homogenized (Omni Homogenizer, Omni International). Homogenates were then spun down at 15,000g for 30 minutes at room temperature to remove tissue debris and cytokine levels were detected by using the IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ ELISA kits by following vendor instructions (Biolegend).
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8

Quantifying Nanoparticle Uptake in Murine Organs

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Mouse spleens, livers, kidneys, lungs, and hearts were aseptically excised and homogenized with an Omni homogenizer (Omni International, Inc., Marietta, GA, USA) in 5 mL sterile distilled water. Homogenates were made with the Omni homogenizer set on high for 3–5 x 15 second bursts, with cooling on ice between bursts. The plate reader function of the Cytation 3 was used to detect the total amount of nanoparticle fluorescence (blue channel) per 100 μL homogenate sample. Diluted homogenates were spotted on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar plates (Thermo Fisher), incubated overnight at 37°C, and C. albicans colonies were counted. Samples of each homogenate were diluted and used for cellular accumulation of nanoparticles by FACS analysis.
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9

Rat Liver Microsome Isolation and CYP450 Evaluation

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Four Sprague-dawley rats are supplied by animal care center belongs to the faculty of pharmacy, King Saud University. The animal experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at King Saud University. Peritoneal cavity incision was carried out after cervical dislocation of the rats to take liver. The rat livers were then transferred to a clean backer and weighed. Buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.04M KH2PO4/NaH2PO4, 0.25M sucrose and 0.15M KCl (KCl/sucrose buffer) was added to the rat liver (1/4 W/V). Liver pieces were then homogenized (1/4 W/V) using OMNI homogenizer (Omni International, Kennesaw, GA, USA). The liver homogenate was centrifuged at 9000 g for 25 min at 4°C. The supernatant was collected and then centrifuged at a 100000 g for 65 min followed by supernatant removal and pellets were suspended in KCl/sucrose buffer. Microsomal suspension was freezed at -76°C and Lowry method [7 (link)] was adopted for assaying its protein content. Evaluation of CYP450 activity was assessed by ability of RLMs to bioactivate phenytoin to p-hydroxyphenytoin [8 (link)].
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10

Plasma and Liver Metabolite Extraction

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Plasma metabolites were extracted by adding 2 volumes of methanol into 50 µl of plasma samples, vortexed and kept at −20 °C for 30 min for protein precipitation according to our previously published protocol20 . Samples were then centrifuged at 5,000 g for 15 minutes at 4 °C. The supernatant was dried overnight by speed-vac. The dried supernatant was then reconstituted in the tissue NMR buffer (i.e., 20 mM phosphate in D2O (99.9% 2H), containing 1 mM formate, 0.5 mM 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonic acid (DSS), and 0.1 mM NaF) and pH was adjusted to 7.4 ± 0.05.
Samples of 50 mg of liver tissue were homogenized in 20 mM phosphate buffer using Omni Homogenizer (Omni International Inc. Waterbury, Conn.)43 . Homogenates were centrifuged at 5,000 g, for 10 minutes at 4 °C. Supernatants were transferred to a 2 ml Eppendorf tube and proteins were precipitated with two volumes of methanol, vortexed and kept at −20 °C for 30 min. Cold samples were centrifuged at 5,000 g, for 15 minutes at 4 °C. Supernatants were transferred to a new 2 ml tube and dried by speed vaccum overnight. The dried supernatant was reconstituted in the tissue NMR buffer (i.e. 99.9% 2H2O containing 1 mM formate, 0.5 mM DSS, and 0.1 mM NaF) and pH was adjusted to 7.4 ± 0.05.
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