Quantax 400 edx

Quantax 400 EDX (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany) was used to observe the morphology and dispersion degree of PADL after gold spraying

SEM images were obtained on a HITACHI-3400 equipped with Quantax-400 EDX (Bruker. Ins. Germany). As-prepared PVDF/meso-TiO₂ hybrid mesoporous membranes were embedded in an epoxy resin and cut by mechanical polishing for the TEM measurements. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images were collected using Tecnai G² F20 S-Twin (FEI Co. USA) microscope operated at 200 kV. WAXRD patterns were recorded on PW3040/60 X’Pert PRO X-ray (Panalytical. Ins. Netherlands). Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms were obtained by a Tristar II 3020 analyzer (Micromeritics, USA). BJH methods were used to estimate the pore size. The contact angle between water and the external surface of membrane was measured to evaluate the membrane hydrophobicity using a JC2000D1 contact angle meter (Shanghai Zhongchen Digital Technic Apparatus Co., Ltd, China).