quantification of
ROS by flow cytometry, the cultures were grown in appropriate media
in 24-well culture plates up to 80% confluency. Culture media was
aspirated and replaced with 500 μL of stimulation media, containing
40 ng of TNF-α (Invitrogen Thermo, Carlsbad, US), and 100 ng
of IFN-γ (Gibco Thermo, Waltham, US) per 1 mL of the appropriate
cell medium. Drug treatments were administered and cells were incubated
for 24 h at 37 °C; nonstimulated and flow cytometry fluorophore-free
assay controls were run in parallel. Stimulation media was aspirated
and 300 μL of the appropriate cell medium lacking phenol red
and FBS, containing 1.25 μM of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein
diacetate (H2DCFDA) (Thermo Scientific Waltham, USA) utilized
for the detection and bio-imaging of ROS, was added to each well.
The plate was incubated for 45 min at 37 °C, protected from light.
The cells were detached using 200 μL of trypsin and resuspended
with 300 μL of PBS containing 10% FBS, before centrifugation
at 1000g for 5 min. Pellets were resuspended in 500
μL of cold PBS and kept on ice. Cell sample flow cytometry was
performed on a Millipore Guava easyCyte flow cytometry system and
analyzed using the Guava InCyte software (Merck Millipore, Massachusetts,
US), measuring 5000 cells within set gating boundaries to calculate
a median fluorescent output.