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Gopod format

Manufactured by Megazyme
Sourced in Ireland

The GOPOD Format is a laboratory equipment product used for the measurement and quantification of glucose, sucrose, and fructose. It provides a standardized method for the analysis of these analytes in various sample types.

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5 protocols using gopod format

1

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of starch

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Artificial rat saliva and gastric juice were prepared following the method of Chen et al. [10 (link)] and Wu et al. [14 (link)]. Artificial pancreatic juice and bile juice were prepared according to Wu et al. [15 (link)]. Glucose concentration was determined with a D-glucose assay kit (GOPOD-Format) (Megazyme International Ireland Ltd., Wicklow, Ireland). Gastric mucin and α-amylase were obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Amyloglucosidase, pancreatin, and pepsin were obtained from Solarbio (Shanghai Solarbio Bioscience & Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China). All other chemical reagents were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China).
The DIVRSD-II model was applied to digestion of HPH-treated starch [15 (link)]. Starch samples (200 mg, dry basis) were dispersed in 2.0 mL of water and cooked for 15 min until gelatinized. Then 2.0 mL of artificial saliva (37 °C) was added to mimic oral digestion [16 (link)]. The food samples were digested in the DIVRSD-II model in batches as reported by Wu et al. [15 (link)] for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min.
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2

Reusability of Immobilized Enzymes

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To assess the possibility of recycling the immobilized enzyme preparations for conversion, immobilized β-gal LacLM L. reuteri L103 was added to sodium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.5) containing 600 mM lactose and maintained at 30 °C and 600 rpm agitation for the conversion of lactose. Every 24 h, the chitin beads carrying the enzyme were filtered off, rinsed with buffer, and reused in another batch conversion experiment under identical conditions. The filtrates from every conversion cycle were collected to determine the glucose concentration by using a commercial d-glucose assay kit (GOPOD Format, Megazyme, Wicklow, Ireland). The glucose concentration in the filtrate from the first conversion was taken as 100% of converting ability of the immobilized enzyme preparation.
Immobilized LacZ from L. bulgaricus DSM 20081 was also tested for its reusability but using the substrate oNPG. After 5 min of incubation with o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (oNPG) at 30 °C, chitin beads carrying LacZ were separated from the liquid phase and reused in the next conversion experiments. The concentration of oNPG in the liquid phases after the conversion was measured with a spectrophotometer at 420 nm and used to calculate the residual converting ability of enzyme in each repeating conversion.
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3

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Maize Starch

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Tannic acid, AA (EC 3.2.1.1) from porcine pancreas, AMG (EC 3.2.1.3,) from Aspergillus niger, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) tablets, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PAHBAH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, US). Normal maize starch was obtained from Yuanye Biotech. Co. (Shanghai, China). A D-glucose assay kit (GOPOD-FORMAT) was obtained from Megazyme® (Megazyme E-AMGDF). Other chemicals were of analytical grade.
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4

Comprehensive Carbohydrate and Protein Analysis

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Total carbohydrate content was determined by Bernfeld ([1955 ]) method using a xylose-based calibration curve. Xylose was determined by D-xylose assay kit (Megazyme), specifically designed to measure this sugar in samples containing up to 5 mg of glucose in the final assay reaction without any interference. Glucose was assayed enzymatically by GOPOD-FORMAT, Megazyme. Protein concentration was determined by the method of Bradford ([1976 (link)]) using bovine serum albumin as the standard. Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase, (X2753 2500 U/g) was obtained from Sigma. Thermotoga maritima endo-1,4-β-xylanase, 22 U/mg of protein (wheat arabinoxylan at pH 5.0 and 40°C) was obtained from Megazyme.
1H NMR spectra were recorded at 600.13 MHz on a Bruker DRX-600 spectrometer, equipped with a TCI Cryo Probe TM, fitted with a gradient along the Z-axis. Spectra in D2O were referenced to internal sodium 3-(trimethyl-silyl)-(2,2,3,3-2H4) propionate (Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI). 13C NMR, JMOD-1H and COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HSQC-EDITED, HMBC (3 J: 7 and 10 Hz), NOESY (mixing time at 100, 200, 300 msec) experiments were used for structural determination.
Mass spectra were acquired on a microQ-Tof mass spectrometer coupled with an Alliance HPLC (Waters, Milford, MA) equipped with an ESI source.
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5

Measurement of β-Galactosidase Activity

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The b-galactosidase activity towards lactose under relevant GOS production conditions was measured using an oxidase/peroxidase method (GOPOD Format, Megazyme, Ireland). One unit (U) of (total) activity was defined as the enzyme amount required to release 1 lmol Glc per min. For rBgaD-D, 50% lactose (w/w) in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) was used as substrate (Park & Oh, 2010) (link), incubated at 60 °C for 5 min. For Lactozyme 2600L, 30% lactose (w/w) in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was used and the mixture was incubated at 40 °C for 5 min (Zhou & Chen, 2001) (link). For the b-galactosidase from A. oryzae, 30% lactose (w/w) in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) was used and incubation was carried out at 45 °C for 5 min (Vera et al., 2011) (link). Different lactose concentrations were used reflecting the solubility of lactose at the respective enzyme optimum temperature. After 5 min, the reactions were stopped immediately by adding 1.5 M NaOH, followed by neutralization with 1.5 M HCl. The amount of released Glc was determined in the GOPOD assay by measuring the absorbance at 510 nm.
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