Particles were analyzed by SEM in the Central Microscopy Research Facility at The University of Iowa by a scanning electron microscope with a field emission gun as the electron source (Hitachi S-4800). Approximately 9 × 9 mm2 of PC filter from each impactor stage was mounted on SEM stubs using carbon tape (Ted Pella Inc.). For morphological analysis, the samples were coated with gold (Emitech sputter coater). The microscope was operated at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV for imaging.
Sputter coater
Manufactured by Emitech
Sourced in United Kingdom
A sputter coater is a device used to deposit thin, uniform layers of conductive materials onto the surface of a sample. It operates by creating a plasma of gas ions that bombard a target material, causing atoms from the target to be ejected and deposited onto the sample surface.
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Lab products found in correlation
16 protocols using sputter coater
1
SEM Analysis of Particle Morphology
2
Chemical Dehydration Protocol for Hydrogel Imaging
3
Biopolymeric Hydrogel Characterization
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The surface characteristics and the internal morphology of the biopolymeric hydrogels were analysed in a dispersive-energy scanning electron microscope (DESEM) from LEO Electron Microscopy/Oxford (model Leo 440i, Cambridge, UK) coupled with an EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray) detector (model 6070, Cambridge, UK). Samples of the biopolymeric hydrogel were either cut or cryo-fractured and sputter-coated with an Au film (200 Å thickness) via cathodic pulverization in a metalizing device (Sputter Coater) from EMITECH (model K450, Kent, UK). Photomicrographs were produced using electron beams with accelerations of 20 keV and electric current of 100 mA.
4
Electrospun Fiber Characterization Protocol
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The electrospun fiber samples were mounted on aluminum stubs and then coated with gold using a Sputter Coater (Emitech). Then, the samples were examined using a Hitachi (S 2700) SEM at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. ImageJ software (Image J, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to calculate average fiber diameter and diameter distribution from the SEM micrographs by randomly selecting 50 nanofibers. The results were expressed as the average diameter of the 50 nanofibers and were graphically illustrated as histograms.
5
Scanning Electron Microscopy Fiber Analysis
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The surface composition of the samples was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Phenom G2 Pro, Labmate Scientific Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). First, it was necessary to coat the mesh fragments with palladium in an EMITECH® Sputter Coater. Once the images were obtained, the NIH (National Institutes of Health) ImageJ software was used for the fiber diameter analysis. For each scaffold, we measured the diameter of 25 fibers per frame for a total of four images. Thus, in each sample, the diameter of 100 fibers was measured randomly, and the average diameter was reported. Moreover, by image analysis, the nanofiber mats’ porosity as well as the pore size was measured using Diameter J, which is an ImageJ package. The mean value ± standard deviation was used to express the obtained values.
6
High-Resolution SEM Imaging of h-BN Flakes
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Scanning electron microscopy images were acquired with a high resolution Magellan 400L SEM. The field emission gun was operated at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV and gun current of 6.3 pA. Images were obtained in secondary electron detection mode using an immersion lens and TLD detector. A 3–5 nm platnium coating was sputtered (Emitech sputter coater) on to the surface of the h-BN flakes to reduce the build-up of electrons.
7
Freeze-drying Bioprinted Samples for SEM
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Bioprinted samples were incubated overnight and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen samples were lyophilized for 24 h. Before SEM imaging, the freeze-dried samples were coated with iridium using a sputter coater (Emitech). Microscopic patterns of the bioprinted structures were then observed and captured using a scanning electron microscope (Zeiss).
8
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Cell-Material Interactions
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Surface patterns of the materials and cell-material interactions on micron-scale were imaged with a scanning electron microscope (Zeiss Sigma 500). Acellular samples were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and immediately transferred to the freeze drier to dry overnight. Cell-encapsulated samples were dried based on a chemical dehydration protocol. Briefly, samples were fixed using 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution for 1 h at room temperature and then overnight at 4 °C. On the next day, the samples were rinsed with DPBS for three times and soaked in 70% ethanol, 90% ethanol, and 95% ethanol subsequently, each for 15 min. Then the solution was replaced with 100% ethanol for 10 min, and the step was repeated two more times. Hexamethyldisilazane (HDMS) was mixed with 100% ethanol at 1:2 ratio and 2:1 ratio. Samples were first transferred to HDMS:EtOH (1:2) for 15 min, then HDMS:EtOH (2:1) for 15 min. Then the solution was replaced with 100% HDMS for 15 min, and the step was repeated two more times. The samples were left uncovered in chemical hood overnight to dry. The freeze-dried or chemically dried samples were coated with iridium by a sputter coater (Emitech) prior to SEM imaging.
9
SEM Analysis of Particle Morphology
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Particles were analyzed by SEM in the Central Microscopy Research Facility at The University of Iowa by a scanning electron microscope with a field emission gun as the electron source (Hitachi S-4800). Approximately 9 × 9 mm2 of PC filter from each impactor stage was mounted on SEM stubs using carbon tape (Ted Pella Inc.). For morphological analysis, the samples were coated with gold (Emitech sputter coater). The microscope was operated at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV for imaging.
10
SEM Analysis of Dental Impression Penetration
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Samples were fixed on aluminum stubs with standard diameter using a carbon double sticky tape. Then the samples were coated with gold using sputter coater modal EMITECH, K550X England. Scanning electron microscope (Model Quanta 250 FEG -made in Holland) attached with EDX Unit (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analyses) was employed to investigate the morphological structures of the samples under operating conditions of accelerating voltage 20 K. V, resolution for Gun. 1 nm, and magnification x500, x2000 and x5000. Representative images of different samples were selected. The SEM study was conducted to determine the penetration of the impression material into the dentinal tubules. The presence of material tags and remains was detected and examined using image analysis. On the other hand, histogram analysis was performed on SEM images of the treated dentin surfaces with the adhesive bond to evaluate the remaining unsealed dentinal tubules with bond fillers. Using these separate approaches (i.e. image analysis and histogram analysis) for the nonbonded and bonded groups, we were able to analyze impression material penetration in non-bonded samples and adhesive system sealing efficacy in bonded samples. This allowed us to compare and evaluate the efficacy of various dentinal tubule sealing techniques.
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