Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, average Mw ~996,000 g mol⁻¹, from Sigma-Aldrich), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, average Mw ~40,000×g mol⁻¹), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), chlorobenzene (99.8% pure, from J&K Scientific), CdO (AR grade, from Aladdin), ZnO (99.7%, from Shijiazhuang hongda zinc industry co. LTD), zinc acetate dehydrate (AR grade, from Aladdin), oleic acid (OA, 90%, from Alfa aeser), 1-octadecene (ODE, 98%, from Toyata), Se powder (99.999%, from Alfa aeser), sulfur powder (99.95%, from Aladdin), 1-Dodecanethiol (DDT, ≥ 98%, from Chevron Phillips Chemical), toluene (for synthesizing quantum dots, AR grade, from Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech Co., Ltd), and ethanol (AR grade, from Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech Co., Ltd) were received and used without further purification. Sticky-gel film with gel thickness of 1.5 mm and retention level of X4 was purchased from Gel-Pak company. toluene (for dissolving PMMA) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents and further dried by distillation over sodium.

Benzothiophene (BT, 98%) and dibenzothiophene (DBT, 98%) were purchased from Shanghai D&B Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., China. Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate [Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O, 99%] and tetrabutylortotitanate (TBOT, 99%) were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. Trimesic acid [C₆H₃(COOH)₃, 99%] and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, 99%, Mr 40000) were provided by J&K Scientific Ltd., Shanghai, China. All other reagents were commercially available and used without further purification.

Bis (acetylacetonato) palladium (II) (Pd(acac)₂, 99%), tin(II) acetate (Sn(Ac)₂, 95%), methanol (CH₃OH, HPLC grade), titanium dioxide (TiO₂, P25, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Palladium(II) nitrate dihydrate (Pd(NO₃)₂·2H₂O, 99%), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, MW = 58000), Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate (SnCl₄·5H₂O, 99%) were purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. Ethylene glycol (EG, analytical grade), N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC, analytical grade), ammonium bromide (NH₄Br, analytical grade) were purchase from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd.(Shanghai, China). The de-ionized water (DI H₂O,18 MΩ/cm) used in all experiments was obtained by passing through an ultra-pure purification system. All the chemicals were used without further purification.