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Bx51 microscope

Manufactured by Olympus
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The BX51 microscope is an optical microscope designed for a variety of laboratory applications. It features a modular design and offers various illumination and observation methods to accommodate different sample types and research needs.

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3 784 protocols using bx51 microscope

1

Simm530 Modulates Cell Migration and Invasion

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For the migration assay, NCI-H441 cells suspended in serum-free medium (1.5×105 cells per well) were seeded in 24-well Transwell plates (pore size, 8 μm; Corning). The bottom chambers were filled with serum-free medium supplemented with HGF (100 ng/mL), and 0.8, 4, 20 and 100 nM of Simm530 was added to both sides of the membrane. The cultures were maintained for 24 h, followed by the removal of non-motile cells at the top of the filter using a cotton swab. The migrating cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde (4%) and stained with crystal violet (0.1%) for 15 min at room temperature. The dye that was taken up by the cells bound to the membrane was released by the addition of 100 μL 10% acetic acid, and the absorbance of the resulting solution was measured at 595 nm using a multiwell spectrophotometer (SpetraMAX 190, from Molecular Devices, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The assay was performed in triplicate. Images were obtained using an Olympus BX51 microscope.
For the invasion assay, NCI-H441 cells were cultured in the top chambers containing Matrigel-coated membrane inserts (Matrigel, BD). The ensuing procedure was identical to the migration assay. The assay was performed in triplicate. Images were obtained using an Olympus BX51 microscope.
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2

Histological analysis of Pst infection

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For histological observations, the leaves inoculated with Pst were sampled. For histological observations of fungal growth, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to the fluorophore Alexa‐488 (Invitrogen) was used to stain Pst infection structures. The stained Pst infection structures were observed with an Olympus BX‐51 microscope (Olympus) under blue‐light excitation (excitation wavelength 450–480 nm, emission wavelength 515 nm). For histological observations of host responses, H2O2 production in infected wheat leaves was detected by staining with 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB; Amresco) as described previously (Wang et al., 2007 ), and observed with a BX‐51 microscope (Olympus) under differential interference contrast optics. The number of haustorial mother cells and haustoria, hyphal length, infection area, and H2O2 area per infection site were measured using the cellSens Entry software (Olympus).
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3

Stereological Quantification of PV and SOM Cells in Nlgn3 Mice

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Unbiased stereological estimation of total PV and SOM cells in the somatosensory cortex of WT and Nlgn3R451C mice was acquired using the optical fractionator approach and the Stereo Investigator software (MicroBrightField, Inc.) equipped with an Olympus BX51 microscope. Boundaries of the entire somatosensory cortex were determined using anatomical landmarks, the ALLEN Mouse Brain Reference Atlas Version 2 (2011), and Paxinos and Franklin Mouse Brain Atlas (Second Edition) and traced at low magnification (2x, NA 0.05). A sampling grid of 700 μm x 700 μm, counting frame of 100 μm x 100 μm, and dissector height of 10 μm (with 1–3 μm guard zones) were used to estimate the number of positively stained cells in a 1:10 series for each animal at high magnification (40x, NA 0.75). The Gundersen coefficient of error (m = 0) was below 0.1 for all animals (n = 10 for both WT and Nlgn3R451C groups) (Gundersen and Jensen, 1987). Data are shown as % of the WT average cell number for either PV neurons or SOM neurons in Nlgn3R451C mice (mean ± SEM). Representative images were taken using the 40x objective on the same Olympus BX51 microscope used for stereology.
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4

Lung Histology Analysis Protocol

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All histologic analysis were performed as described before [15 (link)]. In brief, lungs were fixed by instillation of a buffered 4% formaldehyde solution under a constant hydrostatic pressure (30 cm H2O for 15 minutes), kept in 4% formaldehyde solution for additional 24 hours without hydrostatic pressure, embedded in 1% agarose, cut into slices of exactly the same thickness (5 mm), and embedded in paraffin. Primary antibodies for CD3 (rabbit, 1/100, ab5690; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and Ly6B (rat, 1/150, MCA771GA; Bio-Rad, Munich, Germany) were used for immunohistochemistry analysis blinded to the investigator. Corresponding HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit 414341F and anti-rat 414311F, Histofine Simple Stain, Nichirei Biosciences Inc. Japan) were used. Randomly selected fields were evaluated for positive cells using the Visiopharm Integrator System (Visiopharm, Hoersholm, Denmark) on an Olympus BX51 microscope. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), blinded to the investigator and the inflammatory score was calculated as described before [6 (link), 16 (link)]. The mean chord length (MCL) was calculated blinded to the investigator using the Visiopharm Integrator System on an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with an 8-position slide loader.
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5

Muscle Fiber and Capillary Analysis

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At the euthanasia, the vastus medialis was excised by transecting the muscle origins and insertions. Muscles were placed on a mounting block and frozen in liquid nitrogen–cooled isopentane (2‐methylbutane). Samples were sectioned at 5 μm at −20°C. Cross‐cryosections were stained with NADH‐tetrazolium reductase to examine the oxidative capacity of muscle fibers. Based on their NADH content, fibers were classified as type I (oxidative), type IIA (aerobic glycolytic), and type IIB (anaerobic glycolytic). Fiber types of the whole muscle section were counted using an Olympus BX51 microscope connected to a movable platform and the computer‐assisted stereological toolbox (CAST) software count tool.
Capillaries were identified with the endothelial‐specific marker CD31. Briefly, muscle sections were incubated with rat anti‐CD31 monoclonal antibody, clone MEC 13.3 (BD Biosciences) and a donkey anti‐rat IgG secondary antibody (Jackson Immunoresearch). CD31‐positive structures of muscle cryosections were counted using an Olympus BX51 microscope connected to a movable platform and the computer‐assisted stereological toolbox (CAST) software count tool.
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6

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mouse and Human Brain

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Immunohistochemical stains were performed on 40 μm free-floating sections of 4% PFA-fixed mouse brains and 16 μm mounted sections of 4% PFA-fixed human brains prepared using a Leica cryostat. The staining protocol included antigen retrieval treatment by incubating tissue sections in 10 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.0) at 90°C for 10 minutes. Immunostains were developed using DAB and counterstained with Nissl or hematoxylin. Information on primary antibodies is provided in Supplemental Table 5. Images were captured using an Aperio ImageScope (Leica Biosystems) with a 20× objective zoom ×2. GAD1+, PV+, NGRN+, and MAP2+ neurons in human tissue were counted using Neurolucida 2017 (MBF Biosciences) on a PC attached to an Olympus BX51 microscope with a 20× objective. IBA1+ microglia and GFAP+ astrocytes in human and mouse tissues were counted using an optical fractionator–based method using Stereology Investigator 2017 (MBF Biosciences) on a PC attached to an Olympus BX51 microscope with a 60× objective and a motorized XYZ stage.
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7

Juvenile Floral Tissue Histological Analysis

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The juvenile flower tissues (0.5–0.8 mm in length) of se1 and V2709 were collected and fixed in the formalin/acetic acid/alcohol (FAA) fixative [formalin:70% ethanol:acetic acid = 18:1:1 (v/v)]. The samples were placed in a vacuum for 30 min and stored in 70% ethanol at room temperature. The samples were then dehydrated, embedded, trimmed, sectioned, stained, and de-waxed as previously described (Jackson et al., 1994 ). Sections were observed under an Olympus BX51 microscope (Olympus, Japan).
For observation of the vasculature pattern, 0.5 cm2 of the standard tissue was fixed for 4 h in ethanol/acetic acid (6:1) at room temperature. After bleaching in 100% ethanol overnight, the samples were mounted in a mixture of chloralhydrate/glycerol/water (8:1:2) for 1 h at room temperature. Tissues were observed under an Olympus BX51 microscope (Olympus, Japan).
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8

Formaldehyde Fixation and Staining

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Cells cultured for up to 72 h were washed with PBS and fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature. For nuclei analysis, cells were stained with Hoechst 33258 and examined by using the Olympus BX51 microscope. For morphological analysis, cells were stained with haematoxylin for 1 min and washed again before staining with eosin for 30 seconds. Slides were mounted with 50% glycerol, sealed and observed under Olympus BX51microscope.
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9

Assessing Cell Migration and Invasion

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Ater cultured 2 days; SGC-7901/DDP cells (5 × 10 5 /ml cells/well) were scratched with serum deprived in 24-well plate. 24 h later, cells were xed with methanol, stained with crystal violet, and viewed under an Olympus BX-51 microscope. Transwell assay After coating with matrigel, SGC-7901/DDP cells were placed into the upper chamber (8 μm pore size; Millipore, USA) in 1% FBS media. 48h later, cells were stained with methanol and 0.1% crystal violet, and viewed under an Olympus BX-51 microscope.
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10

Staining and Imaging Diplozoid Parasites

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Diplozoid parasites preserved in 70% ethanol were stained with acetic carmine, differentiated using HCl in 30% ethanol, dehydrated in graded ethanol series (50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% and 100%), cleared in clove oil, and mounted in Canada balsam [17 ]. An Olympus BX51 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was used to examine and photograph the specimens. The illustrations were created using an Olympus BX51 microscope’ drawing apparatus and then processed on a computer using Photoshop CS4.0 (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA). Olympus DP22 software was used to take measurements. Measurements are in micrometres (mm) and are shown as the mean followed by the range and the number of measured specimens in parentheses. The haptoral terminology used herein follows Pečínková et al. [38 (link)].
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