CT images of 159 pelvises were imported into Mimics (Materialize, Leuven, Belgium) software using DICOM files. Image segmentation was performed using the bone automatically segmentation tool and split mask tool on Mimics.17 Mimics then reconstructed 3D models of pelvises and saved them into STL file format for export into Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) for further smoothing those models for digital analysis. In this study, the pelvic ring model referred to two hip bones without covering the sacrum model since the morphological analysis targeted the symmetrical features of the alignment of hip bones (Figure 1 ).
Geomagic studio software
Manufactured by 3D Systems
Sourced in United States
Geomagic Studio is a software that allows users to process 3D scan data. It provides tools for editing, cleaning, and preparing 3D models for various applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
11 protocols using geomagic studio software
1
Automated 3D Pelvis Modeling from CT
2
3D Breast Volume Measurement Protocol
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The size of each participant's breasts was characterized by measuring the volume of both the left and right breasts, following procedures that have been described in detail elsewhere.56 (link) In brief, each participant's breasts were scanned using a hand-held 3-dimensional scanner (ArtecTM Eva 3D Scanner; Artec Group, San Jose, CA, USA) while the participants lay prone across 2 tables, with their breasts freely suspended in a 50-cm space between the 2 tables. Before scanning commenced, small markers (∼ 1 cm in diameter) were adhered directly onto each participant's skin around the outline of each breast in order to highlight the borders of the breasts. The breast scans were then imported into software to create a 3-dimensional model of each breast (Geomagic Studio® software; Version 12.0; 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA). This was achieved by initially removing the image of each breast from the scan of the participant's torso. A posterior breast wall was then created using a tangential cut plane to mimic the anatomy of the superficial surface of pectoralis major, the soft tissue upon which the breast lies.57 (link) The volume of each left and right breast model was then calculated in mL using the Geomagic Studio® software.56 (link)
3
Coronary Artery Imaging and Modeling
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Morphometry of the epicardial LMCA tree was extracted from patients CTA images using the MIMICS software (Materialise, NV, Belgium). In the MIMICS software, a centerline was formed by a series of center points which was located in the center on the cross–sectional views of the contour of the 3D vessel. Subsequently, the best fit diameter, Dfit, was calculated as twice the average radius between the point on the centerline and the contour forming the 3D vessel.
Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, USA) was used to generate geometrical models that were meshed using ANSYS ICEM (ANSYS, Canonsburg, USA), as shown inFig 1B . A mesh dependency was conducted such that the relative error in two consecutive mesh refinements was < 1% for the maximum velocity of steady state flow with inlet flow velocity equal to the time-averaged velocity over a cardiac cycle. A total of approximately 500,000 tetrahedral shaped volume elements (element size = 0.2 mm) were necessary to accurately mesh the computational domain.
Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, USA) was used to generate geometrical models that were meshed using ANSYS ICEM (ANSYS, Canonsburg, USA), as shown in
4
Computational Modeling of Epicardial LMCA
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Morphometric data of epicardial LMCA trees were extracted from patients’ CTA images using the MIMICS software (Materialise, NV, Belgium). Based on the morphometric data, geometrical models were generated using the Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, USA) and then meshed using ANSYS ICEM (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, USA), as shown in Fig 1A and 1B . A mesh dependency was conducted such that the relative error in two consecutive mesh refinements was < 1% for the maximum velocity of steady state flow with inlet flow velocity equal to the time-averaged velocity over a cardiac cycle. A total of approximately 500,000 tetrahedral shaped volume elements (element size = 0.2 mm) were necessary to accurately mesh the computational domain.
5
Mesh Generation and Validation for Biofluid Simulations
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Based on morphometric data, geometrical models were meshed with prismatic elements for the near wall region (number of layers = 3, height ratio = 1.2, total height = 1 mm) and tetrahedral and hexahedral elements for the core region (maximal element size = 0.3 mm) using the ANSYS ICEM software (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, USA) and then smoothed using the Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, USA). Mesh dependency and skewness and orthogonal quality metrics were analyzed to satisfy the quality of the grids such that the relative error in two consecutive mesh refinements was < 1% for the maximum WSS and velocity of steady state flow with inlet flow velocity equal to the time-averaged velocity over a cardiac cycle, similar to previous studies (Chen et al., 2016 (link); Fan et al., 2016 (link); Yin et al., 2016 (link)). A total of 3.5–4.5 million hybrid volume elements were necessary to accurately mesh the computational domain. Simulations were demonstrated in a workstation with 3GHz dual Xeon processor and 32-GB of memory, and the computational time for each model ranged from 48 to 72 h.
6
3D Scanning of Cyclist-Bicycle Geometry
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The subject and bicycle were scanned in the aero position (Figure 1 ). The cyclist wore racing clothes, shoes and helmet, and used his own bicycle. The subject was asked to maintain a static position during scanning. The bicycle was placed and fixed on a roller.
The scans were collected by a portable Sense 3D scanner (3D Systems, Inc., Rock Hill, SC, USA) and saved in the Sense Software (Sense, 3D Systems, Inc., Rock Hill, SC, USA). The scanner precision was 0.0009 m (0.9 mm) at 0.5 m (50 cm) distance. The Sense Software allowed us to clean, fill holes and solidify the entire bicycle–cyclist geometry, then the model was exported as a stereolithographic file (.stl) [27 (link)]. The CAD models were created in Geomagic studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) [9 (link)].
The scans were collected by a portable Sense 3D scanner (3D Systems, Inc., Rock Hill, SC, USA) and saved in the Sense Software (Sense, 3D Systems, Inc., Rock Hill, SC, USA). The scanner precision was 0.0009 m (0.9 mm) at 0.5 m (50 cm) distance. The Sense Software allowed us to clean, fill holes and solidify the entire bicycle–cyclist geometry, then the model was exported as a stereolithographic file (.stl) [27 (link)]. The CAD models were created in Geomagic studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) [9 (link)].
7
3D Reconstruction of Nasal Cavity
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Mimics Medical (version 21.0, Materialise Nv, Belgium), 3D Slicer (National Institutes of Health, Boston, MA, USA), Simpleware (S-2021.06-SP1, Simpleware Ltd., Britain), and Amira (Visage Imaging Ltd., Australia) are the leading software used for the 3D reconstruction of medical images30 . Mimics Medical software (Materialise Nv) was used to reconstruct the nasal cavity from the original CT scans in this study. A new mask was created to segment the nasal cavity. The external factors were then removed by region growth. A splitting mask was used to separate sinuses, and the nasal airway was preserved. After clearing the unclear areas of CT scanned images by multiple slice editing, the mask was calculated and smoothed to obtain the desired shape. The shape in STL + format was imported into Geomagic Studio software (version 2014 (64-bit), 3D Systems, USA). It was finely smoothed by filling a single hole and removing sharp edges. The above steps were repeated to reconstruct the nasal cavities of all subjects and goats.
8
3D Modeling and Meshing Protocol for Arterial Geometry
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The CTA images were also used to build three-dimensional models (Figure 2 ) using 3D Slicer software (version 4.11.20210226). The regions of interest were segmented manually (using a contouring method) and semi-automatically (using a thresholding method) (Figure 2 ). The regions of interest in G-branch endograft were depicted in Figure 2C , and that in renovisceral arteries were segmented according to Figures 1D–F . Next, a smoothing filter was applied to the three-dimensional models. The models were then optimized using Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Morrisville, NC, United States) before meshing (Figure 2 ).
A mesh dependency test was performed so that the relative error in two consecutive mesh refinements was less than 2% for the inlet maximum pressure of steady-state flow under the peak systolic condition. A total of 2,322,749–2,910,444 polyhedral-shaped volume elements were found to be adequate for accurate meshing of the computational domains. Five prism layers were created near the boundaries to improve the accuracy of model meshing (Figure 2 ).
A mesh dependency test was performed so that the relative error in two consecutive mesh refinements was less than 2% for the inlet maximum pressure of steady-state flow under the peak systolic condition. A total of 2,322,749–2,910,444 polyhedral-shaped volume elements were found to be adequate for accurate meshing of the computational domains. Five prism layers were created near the boundaries to improve the accuracy of model meshing (
9
3D Scanning and Modeling of Cyclists
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An elite male cyclist with 65 kg of mass and 1.72 m of height volunteered for this research. The participant wear his competition cloths (with polyester, polyamide, polypropylene and elastane fibers), helmet (LAS, Cronometro) and bicycle with 7 kg of mass (KTM, Revelator Master 2017). The participant was competing in the national level competitions. All the procedures were in accordance with the Helsinki declaration and informed written consent was taken beforehand. The Ethics Committee of the University of Beira Interior under the registration number D1608 granted approval in 2018.
A Sense 3D scanner (3D Systems, Inc., Rock Hill, SC, USA ) with the respective software (Sense, 3D Systems, Inc., Canada) allowed for obtaining the geometry with the subject in upright position [15 (link)]. The geometry was edited on the Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, USA) and converted in CAD models [16 (link)]. Then, in the same software, two new CAD models were created as amputated cyclists. The editions were to create bicycle-cyclist system geometries for able-bodied, Tr and Tt (Figure 1 ).
A Sense 3D scanner (3D Systems, Inc., Rock Hill, SC, USA ) with the respective software (Sense, 3D Systems, Inc., Canada) allowed for obtaining the geometry with the subject in upright position [15 (link)]. The geometry was edited on the Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, USA) and converted in CAD models [16 (link)]. Then, in the same software, two new CAD models were created as amputated cyclists. The editions were to create bicycle-cyclist system geometries for able-bodied, Tr and Tt (
10
3D Laser Scanning of Tooth Samples
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A laser scanner (NextEngine 3D Laser Scanner, Santa Monica, CA, USA) with an accuracy of ± 0.040 µm (at Jet 3D Scan, Gujarat, India) was used to obtain digital images/data for all 10 samples. The resultant images provided a non-contact data collection from various angles covering the complete geometry of the scanned tooth. 3D-surface triangular mesh was obtained in Standard Tessellation Language (STL) format after assembling all the measurements using Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, US) (Figure 1 ). The 3D models STL format) served as a reference model.
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