Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso)

200 g of dried powder of pharmaceutical-grade E. globulus leaves (Bristol Botanicals, Bristol, UK), 200 g of dried powder of food-grade A. indica leaves (Vitafoodz, Waren, Germany) and 200 g of dried powder of pharmaceutical grade G. glabra roots (Bristol Botanicals) were extracted using either 600 mL 70% aqueous ethanol (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) or 600 mL acetone (Carl Roth) for 24 h under continuous stirring. Insolvable parts were taken off using a 0.22 µm Stericup vacuum filtration system (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The extractant was then removed under reduced pressure at 40 °C using a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor R-210, Büchi, Essen, Germany). The soluble fraction was weighed and dissolved in DMSO (Carl Roth), achieving a stock concentration of 204.8 g/L. Aliquots were stored at −80 °C and diluted in DMSO to a final concentration of 20.48 g/L prior to use. Dried R. palmatum root extract (2.048 g, Paninkret, Pinneberg, Germany) was solved according to the instructions of the manufacturer in 100 mL 50% aqueous ethanol (Carl Roth), achieving a stock concentration of 20.48 g/L. The stock solution was stored at 4 °C. 2.048 g rhein (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) was dissolved in 100 mL 0.1 M NaOH_(aq.) (Carl Roth), achieving a stock concentration of 20.48 g/L. The stock solution was stored at room temperature protected from daylight.

HPLC solvents methanol hypergrade LC–MS (Chromasolv), water hypergrade LC–MS (Chromasolv), acetonitrile LC–MS grade (Chromasolv) and formic acid (98%, eluent additive for LC–MS), carbamazepine for analysis, carbamazepine¹³C₆ (¹³C present in one benzene ring), sodium chloride, and magnesium sulfate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). PSA bulk sorbent and C18 bulk sorbent were from Agilent Technologies (Waldbronn, Germany). Carbamazepine (chemical purity > 99%) for exposure tests, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, purity: 99.5%), and the micro-homogenizer PP were delivered by Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Deutschland). PTFE syringe filters 0.45 μm, 3 mm, were supplied by Macherey–Nagel (Düren, Germany).

LC-MS grade formic acid was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA. LC-MS grade acetonitrile, water, and other (analytical grade) solvents were obtained from VWR International GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany. Dimethyl sulfoxide was purchased from, Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Analytical TLCs were performed on silica gel plates (Merck, Kieselgel 60F254, 0.25 and 0.5 mm, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The spots were visualized by exposure to UV light and/or iodine vapours and/or by spraying with 10% H₂SO₄ in MeOH and with 5% phosphomolybdic acid in EtOH, followed by heating at 110 °C for 10 min. Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA, supplied all reagents and solvents. LC-MS grade acetonitrile, water, and other (analytical grade) solvents were obtained from VWR International GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany. Dimethyl sulfoxide was purchased from, Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany.

2-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazol-3-ium bromide (MTT) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, ≥99.5%) was obtained from Carl Roth. Propargyl bromide, 4-mercaptophenol, potassium carbonate, 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride, methyl iodide, tert-butyl bromoacetate, trifluoroacetic acid, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, N-methylmorpholine, acetyl chloride, tetraethylene glycol, and p-toluenesulfonylchloride were obtained from TCI chemicals. 1,4-bis-boc-1,4,7-triazaheptane was obtained from Iris biotech. All reagents were used as delivered without further purification.
Ultrapure water was prepared with a Purelab ultra instrument from ELGA and used for all syntheses involving nanoparticles. All chemicals were used without further purification. Prior to all syntheses involving gold nanoparticles, the glassware was cleaned once with boiling aqua regia and twice with boiling ultrapure water.