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72 protocols using ab78078

1

Quantification of Sox1-GFP+ Cells

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Sox1‐GFP+ cells were measured at day 0, 2, 4, and 10 using the Aria II platform and normalized to day 0 (Figure S1C). For Figure S1B, cells were fixed for 10 minutes with ice‐cold paraformaldehyde and blocked for 30 minutes at 24°C with 0.1% Triton X100‐1% BSA in PBS. Anti‐Oct4 (ab19857, Abcam, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, ab19857.html">https://www.abcam.com/oct4-antibody-chip-grade-ab19857.html), anti‐Nanog (ab80892, Abcam, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, ab80892.html">https://www.abcam.com/nanog-antibody-ab80892.html), anti‐Tubb3 (ab78078, Abcam, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, ab78078.html">https://www.abcam.com/beta-iii-tubulin-antibody-2g10-neuronal-marker-ab78078.html), and anti‐GFP (ab13970, Abcam, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, ab13970.html">https://www.abcam.com/gfp-antibody-ab13970.html) (all at 1:1000) were used, with DAPI as nuclear counterstain (Life Technologies, D1306).
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2

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Neuronal Markers

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For immunofluorescence analysis, cell cultures were washed twice with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, washed three additional times with PBS, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 min at 37 °C, and blocked for 2 h with 4% albumin. The cells were then incubated overnight with either anti-beta III tubulin (1:400, ab78078, Abcam), anti–HIF–1a (NB100105, Novus), or anti-GFAP (#80788, CST) antibodies at 4 °C, washed with PBS, and incubated with a goat anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated with either a goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 488, ab150077 Abcam), goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 488, ab150113, Abcam) or goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 594, ab150080, Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. Cell nuclei were stained with 0.2 μg/mL of 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, D9542, Sigma–Aldrich).
ImageJ software with the Sholl analysis plugin was used to quantify the neurite length, the number of neurites from soma, the number of secondary branches, and the number of neurite intersections according to a previous protocol [25 (link)]. The analyzers were blinded to the neuron groups.
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3

Multimodal Neuro-Vascular Imaging

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The following antibodies were used for this study: mouse monoclonal to MHC (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank: MF20), mouse monoclonal to β3-Tubulin (abcam: #ab78078), rabbit polyclonal to Col1a1 (abcam: #ab21286), and rabbit polyclonal to CD31 (abcam: #28364). Secondary antibodies used were polyclonal goat anti-mouse and anti-rabbit, coupled with Alexa Fluor® 488 and Alexa Fluor® 568 (Life Technologies: #A11001, #A11004, #A11008, A#11011). Staining was performed according to standard procedures. Due to the species of the antibodies used, the neuro-vasculature analysis was performed using adjacent sections aligned and merged using Adobe Photoshop CS4. The immunofluorescent sections were visualized using Leica DMI 3000B and Keyence BZ-X710 microscopes.
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4

Immunohistochemical Assessment of TRPV1 in Human Ocular Tissues

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TRPV1 expression in human ocular tissues was evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Anterior segments of human eye globes with no known corneal defects procured during postmortem (Lions Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA) with consent of donors or donors’ next of kin, in accordance with the Eye Bank Association of America Medical Standards, US/Florida law for human tissue donation, the Declaration of Helsinki and Food and Drug Administration regulations, and Novartis human tissue registration working practice guidelines regarding research using human tissues, were used for immunohistochemical staining. The tissue was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 2 hours and then transferred to 10% sucrose for 1 to 2 hours, 20% sucrose for 2 hours, and 30% sucrose overnight. Then the tissue was flash frozen in optimal cutting temperature compound. Cryosections, 10 µm thick, were fixed with ice-cold acetone for 15 minutes and incubated with TRPV1 antibody (1:100 dilution, ALX-210-417-C100; Enzo Life Sciences, Inc., NY, USA) and β-III tubulin antibody (1:800 dilution, ab78078; Abcam, MA, USA) overnight at 4°C. Secondary donkey anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa Fluor 594 (1:1000 dilution, A21207; Invitrogen, NY, USA) and goat anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 (1:1000 dilution, A11001; Invitrogen) were used. Images were captured using the AxioVision Program v4.8.2.
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5

Anaerobic Bacteria Impact on Neuronal Cultures

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NG were isolated from LFD fed animals 3 hours after light onset under deep anesthesia (Ketamine, 25 mg/100 g; plus Xylazine, 2.5 mg/100 g). Once isolated, NG were digested in Ca2+/Mg2+ free Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution containing 1 mg/mL of Dispase II and Collagenase Type 1A (120 min at 37°C in 95% air/5% CO2). Dispersed cells were plated onto polylysine-coated coverslips and maintained in DMEM+10% FBS (37°C in 95% air/5% CO2). Cultures were infected with one of the following facultative anaerobic bacteria strains identified in HFD rats’ cecal contents: Streptococcus mitis, Proteus mirablis, Lactobacillus animalis or Enterococcus faecalis (n=4 rats/strain) at a concentration of ~5×10(7). Culture medium without bacteria was added to control plates (n=4 rats). Thirty min later all cultures were fixed in paraformaldehyde and stained with beta III-tubulin antibody (1:500, ab 78078, Abcam, UK) to identify neuronal profiles. For neurons quantification, beta-III tubulin-stained neuronal perikarya were counted in 3 randomly assigned frames per culture (frame size 3×3 mm).
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6

Immunofluorescent Staining of Neurospheres

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Neurospheres were permeabilized and blocked with a blocking solution consisting of 5% normal goat serum and 0.5% TritonX-100 in PBS at room temperature for 1 h. Neurospheres were incubated with the primary antibodies diluted in the blocking solution overnight at 4°C and then incubated with the Alexa-conjugated secondary antibodies at room temperature for 1 h. Neurospheres were further stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 5 min and subsequently mounted onto glass slides with ProLong™ Gold Antifade Mountant (No. P36934, ThermoFisher). Images were acquired on a laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica SP8 TCS) with built-in LAS X software (Leica Biosystem). Images were analyzed with ImageJ software (version 1.45). Primary antibodies and dilutions used in this study were listed in the following: rabbit anti-SOX2 (1:400; #3579; Cell Signaling Technology), mouse anti-Nestin (1:400; #4760; Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-Ki67 (1:100; ab15580; BioLegend), mouse anti-β3-Tubulin (1:200; #4466; Cell Signaling Technology), mouse anti-GFAP (1:1000; ab7260; Abcam), rabbit anti-GFAP (1:5000; ab7260; Abcam), mouse anti-Tuj1 (1:1000; ab78078; Abcam).
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Pediatric Brain Tumors

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Paraffin sections of brain or tumor tissues were used for hematoxylin
and eosin staining as well as immunostaining. BrdU (10 mg/kg; B5002;
Sigma-Aldrich) was injected subcutaneously in Utx+/+and UtxF/F Atoh1-Cre SmoM2 mice at P13. Mice were
harvested 24 hours later, and their brains were fixed in 4% PFA at 4 °C
overnight. The fixed brains were subject to subsequent double immunofluorescent
staining of BrdU and HuC/D. For systematic CD3 T cell quantification, every
5th section throughout the tumor tissue was used to determine the
total number of T cells in each tumor sample (n=5 for
Utx+/+ tumors and n=3 for
UtxF/F tumors). The antibodies used were
against Ki67 (eBioscience), CD3 (ab16669, Abcam), UTX (33510, Cell Signaling
Technology), BrdU (G3G4, DHSB), HuC/D (ab184267, Abcam), microtubule-associated
protein 2 (MAP2, M9942, Sigma), NEUROD2 (ab104430, Abcam), NeuN (ABN78,
Millipore) and beta III Tubulin (TUBB3, ab78078, Abcam). Bright-field images
were acquired using a Hamamatsu Nanozoomer 2.0 HT whole slide scanner at the
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Whole Brain Microscopy Facility.
Fluorescent images were acquired by a confocal system (Zeiss LSM710), and three
images were taken per tumor at 200x magnification and processed using
ImageJ.
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8

Glioblastoma Stem Cell Characterization and LPS Challenge

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Human glioblastoma cell line U87 was purchased from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Cell Bank (Shanghai, China). The rat glioma RG2 cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). Cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified essential media (DMEM, Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in humidified air.
The generation and identification of RG2 and U87 GSCs was performed as we previously described [16 (link)]. The characteristic expression of stem markers CD133 and nestin was assessed by immunofluorescence and western blot using antibodies against CD133 (1:100; PA5-38014, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and nestin (1:250; ab92391 and ab134017, Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The multi-lineage differentiation capacity of GSCs was examined using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, ab7260; Abcam) and anti-β III tubulin (ab78078; Abcam).
E. coli 055:B5 LPS (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dispersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 1 μg/ml. For in vitro assessments, cells were incubated with LPS for 6, 12, or 24 h and washed three times with PBS before further examination. For in vivo experiments, cells were challenged with LPS for 6 h and washed three times with PBS before animal inoculation.
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9

Immunolabeling for Myelination Markers

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The primary antibodies included Anti-beta III Tubulin [2G10] (1:1000, ab78078; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), Recombinant Anti-Cytokeratin 15 (1:200, ab52816; Abcam), Anti-beta III Tubulin (1:300, ab18207; Abcam), Recombinant Anti-SOX10 [EPR4007] (1:100, ab155279; Abcam), Monoclonal Anti-Myelin Basic Protein (MBP, 1:100, MAB386 Sigma-Aldrich), Monoclonal Anti-Sodium Channel, Pan antibody produced in mouse (1:500, S8809; Sigma-Aldrich), and polyclonal Anti-Caspr (1:1000, kindly provided by Elior Peles, PhD, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel), Recombinant Monoclonal Anti-Mayelin Associated Glycoprotein [EPR24276] (MAG, 1:500, ab277524, Abcam).
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10

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Neural Markers

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Frozen sections were rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and then blocked in PBS containing 0.3% Triton X-100 and 1% donkey serum for 30 min. The sections were incubated with the primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-NeuN (1:100, ab177487, Abcam), anti-GFAP (1:400, ab4674, Abcam), anti-C3 (1:300, ab200999, Abcam), anti-S100a10 (1:200, PA5-95505, Invitrogen), and anti-beta III tubulin (1:400, ab78078, Abcam). After washing with PBS, the sections were incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies at 37°C for 2 h and counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) the next day. Fluorescence images were acquired with a fluorescence microscope (BX51, Olympus). Three non-consecutive sections (imaged using a 20× objective lens) from each subject and five separate visual fields from each section were randomly selected and analyzed. All images were analyzed using ImageJ (NIH), and all analyses were performed in a blinded manner.
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