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46 protocols using 2 propanol

1

Quantitative Lipid Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Lipids are another means of nutrient storage, and they deliver structural components for cell proliferation. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells exhibit not only a reprogramming of glucose but also of lipid metabolism [29 (link)]. To visualize and quantify intracellular lipid contents in the cells, Oil Red O staining was performed. This diazo dye (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) is able to bind to neutral lipids and stains them red. The cells were washed and fixed with Roti®-Histofix 4% (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) for 30 min. Then, the cells were washed with 60% 2-propanol (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), dried and incubated with Oil Red O working solution (0.35% Oil Red O in 2-propanol, diluted in dH2O in a 3:2 ratio) for 20 min. The staining solution was discarded and the nonfixed dye was removed by washing three times with dH2O. Lipid staining was evaluated using a light microscope (Eclipse TS100, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and the cells were then air-dried. The Oil Red O stain was extracted with 100% 2-propanol and the absorbance was measured at 492 nm with a microplate reader (Synergy H1, BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA).
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2

Fabrication of Silica-Polymer Nanocomposites

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Amorphous silica nanopowder of type Aerosil OX50 was kindly provided by Evonik, Germany. Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) was purchased from Alfa Aesar, Germany. Tetraethylenglycoldiacrylate (TEGDA), polyethylenglycoldiacrylate 550 (PEGDA-550), phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), and 2.2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPAP) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Negative-tone photoresists IP-S was purchased from Nanoscribe, Germany. 2-propanol was purchased from Carl Roth, Germany.
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3

Synthesis of Fluorinated Polymer Coatings

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Fluorolink MD700 (a perfluoropolyether (PFPE)-methacrylate) was purchased from Acota (United Kingdom), 1H,1,2H,2H-perfluorooctanol (13FOOl) was purchased from Apollo Scientific (United Kingdom). Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO) and Sudan 3 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Cyclohexanol, cyclohexane and chloroform were purchased from Merck (Germany). Acetone and 2-propanol were purchased from Carl Roth (Germany). Tinuvin 384-2 was kindly provided by BASF (Germany).
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4

DNA Origami Structures Characterization

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Glass slides were sonicated for 5 min with HellmanexIII (Sigma-Aldrich), washed 5 x with double distilled water and sonicated for 5 min each with Acetone (Roth) and 2-Propanol (Roth). Clean glass slides were blown dry with nitrogen and glow discharged under oxygen in a plasma cleaner (Binder) for 5 min. In order to locate the sample in the center of the glass slide a circle was drawn with a grease pencil on the glass slide. Open and closed state DNA origami structures with AuNPs attached (50 pM) were deposited inside the grease circle for one minute, washed two times with 1 ml doubly distilled water and blown dry with nitrogen. Samples for Darkfield microscopy were imaged with a home-built dark-field setup in transmission mode using a 100 x air objective (Olympus) and an oil condenser (Olympus NA 1.4) with a 100 W halogen bulb as illumination source. Images were taken with 100 ms exposure time and 2 x binning on a color CMOS Camera (Thorlabs Kiralux CS895CU). The dark-field scattering spectra were collected with the same home-built dark-field coupled to an Acton SP2300 spectrometer (Princeton Instruments). To analyze the RGB intensity values of individual nanostructures, the images were first thresholded and individual spots then automatically detected.
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5

Transition Metal Chloride Synthesis

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N-Butylpyridinium chloride (≥98%, Merck, CAS), CuCl2 (99.995%, ABCR, CAS), CoCl2 (99.95%, ABCR, CAS), MnCl2 (99.95%, ABCR, CAS), NiCl2 (99.95%, ABCR, CAS), ZnCl2 (99.95%, ABCR, CAS), 2-propanol (99.5%, Carl Roth, CAS) and hydrochloric acid (37%, VWR Chemicals, CAS) were used without further purification.
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6

Glycerolipid Standards Characterization

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Methanol and ethanol absolute (EMSURE) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and chloroform and 2-propanol from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). All solvents were of HPLC grade. Ammonium formate was ordered from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany) and isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) > 99% from Honeywell (Seelze, Germany). All chemicals and standards were of high purity grade for analysis (> 95%). Glycerolipid standards were purchased from Larodan (Solna, Sweden): diarachidin (DG 20:0/20:0), dinonadecanoin (DG 19:0/19:0), dilinolenin (DG 18:3/18:3), dilinolein (DG 18:2/18:2), 1,2-distearin (DG 18:0/18:0), triarachidin (TG 20:0/20:0/20:0), trinonadecanoin (TG 19:0/19:0/19:0), trilinolein (TG 18:2/18:2/18:2), triolein (TG 18:1/18:1/18:1), 1,2-olein-3-stearin (TG 18:1/18:1/18:0), 1,2-stearin-3-olein (TG 18:0/18:0/18:1), triheptadecanoin (TG 17:0/17:0/17:0), and tripalmitin (TG 16:0/16:0/16:0). Purified water was produced by Millipore Milli-Q UF-Plus water purification system (Molsheim, France).
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7

Microfluidic Chip Substrate Preparation

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Unmodified injection molded cyclo-olefin polymers (COP) substrates (microfluidic ChipShop GmbH, Jena, Germany) comprising a 36 mm long channel with a width of 3000 μm and a depth of 200 μm and a subsequently connected 75 μl collection chamber was used. As the microarray is immobilized in the channel and the channel volume is 21.6 μl, the sample volume is set to 25 μl ensuring complete filling of the channel. The substrates were initially cleaned with 50% (v/v) 2-Propanol (99.8% p.a., Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, Germany) and deionized (DI) water in a ultrasonic bath (Sonorex Super RK 100 H, Bandelinelectronic GmbH & Co. KG, German) for 5 minutes to remove impurities and residues, and was subsequently dried with a nitrogen jet and stored at 4°C in a dark place until usage.
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8

Lipid Extraction and Quantification

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Chloroform and 2-propanol were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany) and methanol from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All solvents were HPLC grade. Nuclease-free water was obtained from B. Braun (Melsungen, Germany). Ammonium formate, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and cholesteryl ester (CE) standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Moreover, [25,26,26,26,27,27,27-D7]-cholesterol was acquired from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA, USA) with isotope purity higher than 98%. Triglyceride (TG) and diglyceride (DG) standards were purchased from Larodan (Solna, Sweden). Phosphatidylcholine (PC), ceramide (Cer), sphingomyelin (SM), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) standards were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). The composition of the added internal standard mixture is depicted in Table 1.
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9

Enzymatic Nucleic Acid Manipulation Protocol

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Calf
intestine alkaline phosphatase, micrococcal
nuclease (from Staphylococcus aureus), bovine spleen
phosphodiesterase, and ribonuclease A from bovine pancreas (RNase)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Proteinase
K, HPLC-grade methanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, formic acid, and acetic
acid were from Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). Herring sperm
DNA and all other reagents and solvents (analytical grade) were from
Sigma-Aldrich.
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10

Synthesis of Photocurable Biomaterials

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Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (Mn~10,000), PEG (Mn~400), Pentaerythritol ethoxylate (15/4 EO/OH) (Mn~797), methacrylic anhydride, acrylic acid, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), PEGDA (Mn~575), isobornyl acrylate, diurethane dimethacrylate (DUDMA), diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO), dibutyltin dilaurate, and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and 2-propanol were purchased from Carl Roth. Tinuvin-326 was kindly provided by BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany).
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