Betaine hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany

Betaine hydrochloride is a laboratory chemical compound. It is used as a pH buffer in various applications.

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Betaine Hydrochlorides

10 protocols using betaine hydrochloride

Betaine Anhydrous Quantification by HPLC-MS

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Betaine anhydrous (N, N, N-trimethylglycine) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and diluted in 0.9% normal saline for IV infusion. Urethane was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland).
For high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) betaine hydrochloride, tert-butyl bromoacetate (TBBA), ammonia solution and ammonium formate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Betaine-D3 hydrochloride was obtained from Toronto Chemicals Research (North York, Canada). The stock solution of betaine was prepared fresh in methanol. LC-MS grade acetonitrile, HPLC grade acetone, HPLC grade methanol and formic acid were obtained from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA). Ultra-pure water (Mili-Q water) was produced by a water purification system (Mili-Q, Millipore, Milford, MA, USA).

Mogilnicka I., Jaworska K., Koper M., Maksymiuk K., Szudzik M., Radkiewicz M., Chabowski D, & Ufnal M. (2024). Hypertensive rats show increased renal excretion and decreased tissue concentrations of glycine betaine, a protective osmolyte with diuretic properties. PLOS ONE, 19(1), e0294926.

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Choline-Based Compound Quantification Protocol

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Chloroform (HPLC grade) was from Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands). Methanol, acetonitrile, trifluoroethanol, and water (analytical grade) were from Fluka Analytical/Sigma–Aldrich (Munich, Germany). Choline chloride (>99%), phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, betaine hydrochloride, N,N-dimethylglycine were from Sigma–Aldrich (Munich, Germany). D4-choline (Choline-1,1,2,2-d4) chloride as an internal standard was purchased from CDN Isotopes Inc. (Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada). Internal phospholipid standard 1,2-diarachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine, PC20:0/20:0) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). The purity of the chemicals was checked by liquid chromatography heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-H-ESI-MS/MS) (see below). All further chemicals were of analytical grade and from various commercial sources.

Shunova A., Böckmann K.A., Minarski M., Franz A.R., Wiechers C., Poets C.F, & Bernhard W. (2020). Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk—How Do We Justify the Discrepancies?. Nutrients, 12(12), 3815.

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Diabetes-Induced Mesh Biocompatibility Study

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Surgical meshes woven of PP, packed in sterilized packages in 30*30 cm, manufactured by the company of COUSIN BIOTECH in France were chosen for this research. In this study, meshes are cut and prepared into a circle in a diameter of 2 cm.
The drug needed for fixing or regulating the betaine lost due to diabetes is betaine hydrochloride (153/61 g mol⁻¹) made by Sigma Aldrich. This drug shows the solution in water in 1/86 mg mL⁻¹ and is used to be mixed with PP mesh.
Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme, Sigma Aldrich) CH3O(CH2CH2O)4CH3 was used as the precursor in plasma polymerization.
Commonly Phosphate Buffer saline with pH 7/4 because of the similarity and the ion density and pH in the human body is used in biological researches. This buffer of Na2HPO4, KCl, NaCl, and KH2PO4 (Sigma Aldrich) was distilled by twice-distilled water. In addition, NaOH (Sigma Aldrich) was used for regulating the amount of its pH.
Streptozotocin with the abbreviation of STZ (Santa of Cruz Biotechnology) (265/2 g mol⁻¹) is widely used in diabetic induction in an animal model. This drug causes destruction in the beta cells of the pancreas where, in this case, hyperglycemia and non-excretion of insulin are observed in their plasma.
In order to prevent infection on the first day of creating a wound on the mice, Gentamicin was injected.

Zahedi L., Ghourchi Beigi P., Shafiee M., Zare F., Mahdikia H., Abdouss M., Abdollahifar M.A, & Shokri B. (2021). Development of plasma functionalized polypropylene wound dressing for betaine hydrochloride controlled drug delivery on diabetic wounds. Scientific Reports, 11, 9641.

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Choline and Phospholipid Profiling

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Chloroform (HPLC grade) was from Baker (Deventer, the Netherlands). Methanol, acetonitrile, water (analytical grade), choline chloride (>99%), phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, betaine hydrochloride and N,N-dimethylglycine were from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). D₄-choline (Choline-1,1,2,2-d₄) chloride and D9-choline (N,N,N-trimethyl-d₉) chloride were purchased from CDN Isotopes Inc (Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada). 1,2-diarachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC20:0/20:0) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PE14:0/14:0) were from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). All further chemicals were of analytical grade and from various commercial sources.

Bernhard W., Raith M., Shunova A., Lorenz S., Böckmann K., Minarski M., Poets C.F, & Franz A.R. (2022). Choline Kinetics in Neonatal Liver, Brain and Lung—Lessons from a Rodent Model for Neonatal Care. Nutrients, 14(3), 720.

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Comprehensive Chemical Standards for LC Analysis

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For sample extraction and LC analysis we used Fisher Optima^TM grade solvents (Fisher Scientific, Hanover Park, IL). The chemical standards were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (stachydrine hydrochloride [i.e., proline betaine]) (Ann Arbor, MI) or Sigma-Aldrich (debrisoquine, chlorpropamide, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, Nε,Nε,Nε-trimethyllysine hydrochloride [TML], L-carnitine, cis-aconitic acid, citric acid, N1-acetylspermidine dihydrochloride, N-acetyl-L-arginine, creatine, niacinamide, 3-methyl-L-histidine, betaine hydrochloride, L-pipecolic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and indoxyl sulfate) (St. Louis, MO). The hexosamine-valine-isoleucine-OH (Hex-V-I) was synthesized by Expert Synthesis Solutions (London, ON, Canada) with details previously provided [27 (link)]. Quality control reference materials were obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (NIST Standard Reference Material 3667 [creatinine in frozen human urine] and NIST Standard Reference Material 1950 [metabolites in frozen human plasma]).

Pannkuk E.L., Shuryak I., Kot A., Yun-Tien Lin L., Li H.H, & Fornace AJ J.r. (2024). Host microbiome depletion attenuates biofluid metabolite responses following radiation exposure. PLOS ONE, 19(5), e0300883.

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Structural Determination of PmUlaA Protein

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Crystals were grown after 4 days at 18 °C by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The Pasteurella multocida UlaA domain (1-465) protein purified in 0.2% (w/v) n-decyl-β-d-maltopyranoside (DM; Anatrace) gave rise to large plate-shaped crystals in 0.28 M CaCl₂, 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5,42% PEG400 conditions. The best data set collected at a synchrotron for these crystals, at a resolution of 6.5 Å, showed an inward-facing conformation. A detergent screen found 3-cyclohexyl-1-propylphosphocholine (Cyclofos-3, Hampton Research) at 43 mM, final concentration, improved the diffraction to 4.5 Å. Purified protein in 0.4% (w/v) n-nonyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (β-NG, Anatrace) with 43 mM Cyclofos-3 gave rise to cubic-shaped crystals. To further improve the resolution, 0.01 M betaine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich) was added into crystallization buffer to improve diffraction to 3.35 Å. All crystals were directly flash frozen in a cold nitrogen stream at 100 K.

Luo P., Dai S., Zeng J., Duan J., Shi H, & Wang J. (2018). Inward-facing conformation of l-ascorbate transporter suggests an elevator mechanism. Cell Discovery, 4, 35.

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High-Resolution LC-MS Analysis of Betaine

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High-resolution LC−MS analysis was performed on a ThermoFisher Scientific Vanquish Horizon UHPLC System coupled with a Thermo Q Exactive HF hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with a HESI ion source. 1 μL extract was injected and separated using a water-acetonitrile gradient on an Agilent Zorbax Hilic Plus column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, particle size 1.8 μm) maintained at 40°C with a flow rate 0.3 mL/min. HPLC grade solvents were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Solvent A: 0.1% formic acid in water; Solvent B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. Analytes were separated using a gradient profile as follows: 2 min (95% B) → 20 min (50% B) → 22 min (10% B) → 25 min (10% B) → 27 min (95% B) →30 min (95% B). Mass spectrometer parameters: spray voltage 3.0 kV, capillary temperature 380°C, prober heater temperature 300°C; sheath, auxiliary, and spare gas 60, 20, and 2, respectively; S-lens RF level 50, resolution 240,000 at m/z 200, AGC target 3 × 106. The instrument was calibrated with positive and negative ion calibration solutions (ThermoFisher). Each sample was analyzed in positive and negative modes with m/z range 100–700. As a reference for betaine, betaine hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. HRMS (ESI) m/z: calculated for C₅H₁₂NO₂⁺, [M + H]⁺: 118.0863, found: 118.0860.

Hardege I., Morud J., Yu J., Wilson T.S., Schroeder F.C, & Schafer W.R. (2022). Neuronally produced betaine acts via a ligand-gated ion channel to control behavioral states. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(48), e2201783119.

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Analysis of Benzalkonium Chlorides and Analogs

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Poly-DL-alanine, acetaminophen, betaine hydrochloride, and drug standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Drug CCS calibrants were obtained as descried previously.^{20 (link)} Human liver microsomes (HLM) and S9-fraction (S9) pooled from 100 male and 100 female individuals were purchased from Sekisui XenoTech (Kansas City, KS). C₁₂, C₁₄, and C₁₆ benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) and the synthetic precursors necessary for synthesizing additional BACs and ω-hydroxy BAC analogs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Synthesis of BACs and their ω-OH analogs is detailed in the Supporting Information.

Ross D.H., Seguin R.P, & Xu L. (2019). Characterization of the Impact of Drug Metabolism on the Gas-Phase Structures of Drugs Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Analytical chemistry, 91(22), 14498-14507.

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Polymer-Based Biomaterial Synthesis

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Hydroxyethyl cellulose
(HEC, M_W = 90,000 g/mol), polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA, 89–90% hydrolyzed M_W = 89,000
g/mol), betaine (BET), betaine hydrochloride (BET HCl), dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO) anhydrous, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), sodium chloride
(NaCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH; 0.1 M), hydroxyethylcellulose ethoxylate,
cationic HEC (q-HEC; LOT: 525944), toluidine blue (certified), polystyrene
sulfonic acid, sodium salt (PSS), sodium pyruvate, l-glutamine,
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and penicillin/streptomycin (1%) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Choline chloride
(Ch-Cl) was purchased from Acros (Geel, Belgium). Acetone was purchased
from Carlo Erba (Val-de-Reuil, France). Dialysis tubes (regenerated
cellulose membrane, MWCO 14 kDa) were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe,
Germany). Milli-Q water from a Millipore (MA, USA) water purification
system (resistivity ≥ 18.2 MΩ cm, pH 6.8) was used for
the preparation of all aqueous solutions. Fetal bovine serum (100500-064)
and minimum essential medium (MEM; 51200–046) were from Gibco
(Amarillo, TX, USA). Trypsin was from Invitrogen (Waltham, MA, USA).
Phosphate-buffered saline was from PAA Laboratories (Toronto, Canada).
3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)
was from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom).

Jurko L., Makuc D., Štern A., Plavec J., Žegura B., Bošković P, & Kargl R. (2023). Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Efficacy of Betaine- and Choline-Substituted Polymers. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 5(7), 5270-5279.

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Quantitative Determination of Metabolites

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All glassware was acid-rinsed before use with 10% hydrochloric acid (purchased from Sigma Aldrich) followed by MilliQ water. Betaine hydrochloride and choline dihydrogen citrate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Trimethylamine N-Oxide.2H2O was obtained from Fluka.
Deuterated GBT (d11-GBT), used as an internal standard (ISTD), was sourced from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc.. Methanol (LC/MS grade), chloroform (HPLC grade), Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), formic acid (LC/MS additive) and ammonium acetate (LC/MS grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific.

Beale R, & Airs R. (2016). Quantification of glycine betaine, choline and trimethylamine N-oxide in seawater particulates: Minimisation of seawater associated ion suppression. Analytica chimica acta, 938.

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