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89 protocols using zno np

1

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles

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ZnO NPs (< 100 nm) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and the stock suspension was prepared by suspending 1.5 mg of ZnO NPs in 10 mL of 0.22 μm filtered DI water. Stock suspension was sonicated (Sonics Vibra cell; Sonics & Material, Newtown, CT, USA) at 30 W for 10 min (pulse of 2 min ‘on’ and 1 min ‘off’).
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2

Preparation and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles

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ZnONPs dispersion with a concentration of 20 wt.% in H2O (Sigma-Aldrich chemicals no, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt) was purchased and kept in a dark place at room temperature. The package contains 100 g of ZnONPs in a form of milky white color dispersion in a dark glass bottle (Table 3). ZnONPs dispersion was diluted to 0.2% according to Fielding et al. [38 (link)] using 0.9% normal saline.

Specification of ZnONPs according to Sigma-Aldrich Co

CharacteristicsStructural colorAvg. particle size
ZnOMilky white≤40 nm (APS)
ConcentrationParticle sizeDensitypH
20 wt.% in H2O< 100 nm1.7 ± 0.1 g/mL at 25 °C7.5 ± 1.5
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles

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Commercial grade zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA (<100 nm particle size (TEM), ≤40 nm avg. part. size (APS), 20 wt. % in H2O). Shortly before each experiment, ZnO-NP suspensions with concentration of 9 and 90 mmol Zn L−1 were prepared by placing 726 and 7260 µL of the dispersion into 200 mL volumetric flasks that were then adjusted to volume with distilled water. These suspensions were then sonicated for 15 min in an ultrasonic bath.
A 0.1 mmol L−1 ZnSO4 stock solution was prepared by dissolving 5.751 g of ZnSO4·7H2O (p.a. quality, CentralChem, Bratislava, Slovakia) in 200 mL of distilled water. Solutions of ZnSO4 with concentration of 9 and 90 mmol Zn L−1 were prepared by placing 18 and 180 mL of 0.1 mmol L−1 ZnSO4 stock solution into 200 mL volumetric flasks whose volume was then made up to the mark with distilled water.
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4

Evaluation of Cosmetic Products Containing ZnO NP

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Six types of cosmetic products, without the addition of any preservatives, were used: sunblock cream, foundation cream, moisturizing cream, body lotion, face cream, and scrub cream. The constituents of the tested products are given in Table S1. They were supplied by Dr Joe Factory and Jolly for cosmetics, Cairo, Egypt. All the samples were stored at 4°C until use. Prior to use, the samples were inspected for any physical defects. Propylparabens and phenoxyethanol were supplied by Dr Joe Factory and Jolly for cosmetics, respectively. ZnO NP with diameter of 1–100 nm were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (code: 544906, St Louis, MO, USA). They have a formula weight of 81.39 g mol−1 and a specific surface area of 15–25 m2g−1.
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5

Dispersing ZnO Nanoparticles for Cell Assays

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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with a diameter less than 100 nm were dispersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and subjected to ultrasonication for 5 min to prevent aggregation prior to cell treatment. The ZnO NP was then prepared in the culture medium at various concentrations. ZnO NP and 2,7-Dichlorofluorescein (DCF) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). FluoZin™-3, AM was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Carlsbad, CA, USA).
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6

Arsenic Mitigation in Soybean using ZnO-NPs

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Soybean seeds were decontaminated with sodium hypochlorite (0.5%, v/v) for 5 min and then soaked in distilled water for 10 min before germination. The germinated seeds (4-day-old seedlings) were shifted to pots containing vermicompost and sand (1:3 ratio) (sterilized) and kept for 3 weeks without any interruption. Thereafter, arsenic (AsIII, salt NaAsO2, sodium arsenite) was added to each pot daily for 5 weeks (60-day-old plants). AsIII was used in this study because it is more soluble and mobile than other forms of As. Only full-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution was added to the experimental control. After 2 weeks of As treatment (39-day-old plants), three different concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg L−1) of ZnO–NP (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA) were sprayed to plant foliage every alternate day for 2 weeks (60-day-old plants). After adding ZnO–NP in the pots, they were maintained in a growth chamber with the following conditions: 26/15 °C (day/night) temperature, 18 h/6 h (light/dark) photoperiod and 70%–75% relative humidity. Each treatment had five replications and each experiment was repeated 3 times. After growing the plants for 60-days, they were harvested and studied for different parameters.
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7

Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan-ZnONP Composite

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The WsKG used in this study was 6-year-old root grown in Sansam Village (Wanju, Korea). Chitosan (75–85% deacetylated), acetic acid solution, and ZnONP (average particle size of 20 ± 5 nm) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Seoul, Korea). K2SO4 and CaCl2 were purchased from Daejung chemicals & Metals Co. (Siheung, Korea). Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11,778 were brought from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Seoul, Korea). E. coli and B. cereus were cultivated at 37 °C for 16 h by picking one inoculation loop and spreading on Luria–Bertani (LB) medium (BD DIFCO, New Jersey, USA). Microbial stock was prepared by inoculating LB broth and 50% glycerol (6:4 v/v) with the bacteria, which was stored at −80 °C.
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8

Silk Fibroin Nanocomposite Fabrication

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The SF (Bombyx mori) was supplied by Da Sung Silk Co., Ltd. (Jinju-si, Korea). The TA (Mn = 1701), ZnO NP (size < 100 nm), and BGE (purity, 95%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethyl alcohol (EtOH; purity, 99.5%), calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2; purity; 71.0–77.5%) were supplied by Samchun Chemical Co., Ltd. (Pyeongtaek-si, Korea). All of the chemicals were used as received.
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9

Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles with L-Arginine

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In this experimental research, ZnO NP (10–30 nm) were ordered from Sigma Aldrich. NP were dissolved in distilled water; 1,260 gr/ml in 50 wt % dH2O. The solution was placed on a shaker overnight at room temperature. l-Arginine (99%) powder was also ordered from Sigma Aldrich. The powder was dissolved in a 100 mL mix solution and placed on the shaker overnight at room temperature.
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10

Comprehensive Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles

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ZnO-NP (purity > 97%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Physicochemical characterization of ZnO-NP was carried out following the procedure described by Girardello et al. (2016a) . Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) were used to characterize the nanomaterial. The ZnO-NP solutions were prepared according to the procedure described by Girardello et al. (2016a) . Full description of the analytical conditions, instruments and sample preparation protocols are available as Supplementary Material.
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