Trifluoperazine

Alexa Fluor 488- and 594-conjugated secondary antibodies and DAPI were purchased from ThermoFisher (Waltham, MA, USA). TGF-β was obtained from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). A prestained protein ladder (125, 93, 72, 57, 42, 31, 24, and 15 kDa) was purchased from GeneDireX (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), CHX, MG132, trifluoperazine, NH₄Cl, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Concanamycin A (CA) and chloroquine (CQ) were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The COL1A2-luc plasmid was constructed as described by Poncelet et al.¹⁸ (link), and the Fibro-luc plasmid was constructed as described by Cobbs and Widom¹⁹ (link)^,20 (link). TβRII-flag (#31719), RFP-rab5 (#14337), GFP-rab11 (#12647), and Lamp-1 (#1816) plasmids were purchased from Addgene (Cambridge, MA, USA). TRIzol reagent was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). M-MLV reverse transcriptase was obtained from Promega (Madison, WI, USA).

Acepromazine (A7111), Amoxapine (A129), Clozapine (C6305), Flupenthixol (F114), Fluspirilene (F100), Haloperidol (H1512), Loxapine (L106), Molindone (M1818), Ondansetron (O3639), Pimozide (P1793), Reserpine (R0875), Spiperone (S7395), Triflupromazine (T2896), Prochlorperazine (P9178), Trifluoperazine (T8516), Thioridazine (T9025), TMZ (T2577), Chlorpromazine (C8138) and Fluphenazine (F4765) were purchased from Sigma. Perphenazine (125), Thiostrepton (522), Thioguanosine (347), Parthenolide (550) and Bepridil (368) were purchased from Prestwick. Promazine (46674) and Promethazine (46682) were purchased from Fluka.

Ethidium bromide (EtBr), ethylene glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA), isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) coelenterazine, carbenicillin, CaCl₂, Carbonyl cyanide m-chloro phenylhydrazone (CCCP), Calmidazolium (CDZ), Verapamil, coelenterazine, Trifluoperazine (TPZ), Chlorpromazine (CPZ), Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS), Triton X-100, Tris-Acetate EDTA buffer (TAE), and aequorin oligonucleotides were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Taq polymerase master mix for PCR (Promega, Madison, WI, United States), agarose molecular grade and 100 bp molecular ruler were obtained from Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States). Kanamycin, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Erythromycin (St. Louis, MO, United States). BamHI and HindIII (Rowley, MA, United States), T4 ligase (Rowley, MA, United States).

Human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231-Luc [36 (link)] and Hs578T were maintained in DMEM with 10% FBS supplemented with ZellShield (Minerva). Cells were treated with Thioridazine (Sigma), Fluphenazine (Sigma), Trifluoperazine (Sigma), R428 (Apexbio) and paclitaxel (Sigma) at the indicated concentrations and time. Phenothiazines were resuspended in water and R428 and paclitaxel in DMSO. For experiments including siRNA, cells were transfected with a control siRNA or an ON-TARGET Smart Pool siRNA specific to AXL (Dharmacon) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Ampicillin, benzydamine, ethionamide, (±)-propranolol and trifluoperazine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and acetonitrile (ACN) from J. T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands). Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was obtained from Biosynth AG (Staad, Switzerland). All other chemicals and buffer components were obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). NunclonTMΔ surface 24 well plates were purchased from Nalgene nunc (Penfield, USA) and oxygen permeable foils (Gas Permeable Adhesive Seals # AB-0718) from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).

Rotenone, NMDA, Trolox, and ALDH, MK-801, CNQX, benzamil, nicardipine, BAPTA (1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid), trifluoperazine, and TDZD-8 (4-Benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Corp. (St Louis, MO, USA). NAC, idebenone, and CNQX were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). The other chemicals were provided by the respective vendors: memantine (Sequoia, Pangbourne, UK), gavestinel (Tocris, Avonmouth, Bristol, UK; Axon Medchem BV, Groningen, Netherlands), lomerizine (Organon, Roseland, NJ, USA), nilvadipine (Nivadil, Astellas Pharma Inc, Tokyo), kurtoxin, SNX-482 and ω-conotoxin (Peptide Institute, Osaka, Japan), salubrinal (Tocris, Avonmouth, Bristol, UK), and ansatrienin A (Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY, USA). All chemicals were dissolved in distilled water or DMSO to prepare a stock solution and diluted with D-PBS or distilled water to obtain a given final concentration. Doses for each chemical were chosen, based on their in vitro activities and the vitreous volume of the rat eye (60 μl)^{27 (link)}.