3 4 5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide mtt powder

Gelatin from porcine skin, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL with M̄_n = 80 000 g mol⁻¹), a dialysis bag with a cut-off of 12 kDa, Hoechst dye and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT powder) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, M̄_n = 1000 g mol⁻¹), acryloyl chloride, methacrylic anhydride, sodium hydroxide, diethyl ether, ethanol, and DMSO were obtained from Merck. Ammonium persulfate (APS), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were prepared from Fluka. Toluene and acetone were provided by Dr Mojallali Co. Coconut oil as the internal phase was obtained from the market. Distilled water was freshly used for all the experiments.

The fucoxanthin was extracted from brown algae Laminaria japonica. Fucoxanthin extract was provided by Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). The RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were supplied from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) was purchased from GIBCO (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The fetal calf serum (FCS) was purchased from HyClone (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) powder, nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) powder, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), and Trypan Blue were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The glucose enzymatic kit was purchased from Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) and insulin ELISA kits was purchased from Mercodia AB Inc. (Uppsala, Sweden). Luteinizing hormone (LH) RIA kits were provided by Dr. A. F. Parlow, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Hormone and Peptide Program (Torrance, CA, USA) and testosterone EIA as well as enzymatic antioxidant (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) commercial kits were purchased from Eugene Chen Co., Ltd. (Taipei, Taiwan).

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was purchased from Bendosen Laboratory Chemicals (Selangor, Malaysia). Pepsin, pancreatin, bile extract, sodium biocarbonate (NaHCO₃), fluorescein sodium salt, 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), RPMI 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum, antibiotic, potassium persulphate (K₂S₂O₈), 2,2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] (ABTS) reagent, and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) powder were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), while other cell culture materials were purchased from BD Biosciences (NJ, USA).