6 shogaol

L-Glutathione reduced, potassium chloride (KCl), ethanol (200 proof), methanol, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The 6-shogaol (98% purity) was purchased from Chengdu alfa biotechnology (Chengdu, China). Formic acid (98+%, LC-MS grade), phosphate-buffered saline (Corning^™ PBS, 1×, Corning, NY, USA), and Dil Stain (1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethylindocarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiIC18(3))) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from R&D Systems (Flowery Branch, GA, USA). Ultrapure deionized water was obtained using a Milli-Q water system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 36–50 kDa) was obtained from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA, USA). M13 was synthesized and purified using the method published previously [12 (link)].

6-shogaol (98+% purity) was purchased from Chengdu Alfa Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Reduced L-Glutathione, NaHCO₃, ethanol (200 proof), methanol, and dichloromethane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Formic acid (98+%, LC-MS grade), phosphate-buffered saline (Corning TM PBS (Corning, NY, USA), 1×), and DiL Stain (1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethylindocarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiIC18(3)) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Atlanta Biologicals (R&D Flowery Branch, GA, USA). Ultrapure deionized water was supplied by a Milli-Q water system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). M13 was synthesized and purified using a method that has been previously published [19 (link)].