Rpmi 1640 culture medium

Phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), RPMI-1640 culture medium, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Welgene, Inc. (Daegu, Republic of Korea). Dopamine hydrochloride, RGD, and dexamethasone (Dex) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). SU-8 3005 and SU-8 developer were purchased from MicroChem (Round Rock, TX, USA). PDMS prepolymer (Sylgard 184) and a curing agent were purchased from Dow Corning (Midland, MI, USA). Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA) 63 was purchased from Norland Products (Jamesburg, NJ, USA). Tris-HCl was purchased from Biosesang (Seongnam, Republic of Korea). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was purchased from Amresco Inc. (Solon, OH, USA). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon (IFN)-γ were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Pluronic F-127 solution and antibiotic–antimycotic solution were purchased from Invitrogen Corp. (Waltham, MA, USA). 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (VitD3) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, ON, Canada).

The human CRC‐derived cell lines DLD1, HCT116 and LoVo were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and were maintained in RPMI‐1640 culture medium (WelGENE, Daegu, Korea) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; WelGENE) and 1% penicillin‐streptomycin solution (WelGENE) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂. Cetuximab (C225; Erbitux; purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was used at a final concentration of 5 mg/mL. BKM120 (200 mg) was purchased from Chemie Tek (Indianapolis, IN).

Human prostate cancer (DU145), breast cancer (MCF-7), glioblastoma cancer (U87) and normal murine liver cell lines (BNL CL.2) were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). Human foreskin fibroblast (Hs 68) was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD). While U87, BNL CL.2 and Hs68 cells were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), DU145 and MCF-7 cells were grown in RPMI-1640 culture medium (Welgene). DMEM and RPMI 1640 were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone, Logan, UT), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY, USA). Cancer cells were cultured as described in a previous study [56 (link)]. The cells were seeded into 96-well cell culture plates and allowed to grow for 24 h prior to treatment with oleanolic acid (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA).