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Hematoxylin and eosin

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Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) is a staining method used in histology and histopathology to examine tissue samples under a microscope. Hematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, while eosin stains the extracellular matrix and cytoplasm of cells in various shades of red, pink, and orange. This staining technique provides contrast and allows for the visualization of cellular and tissue structures.

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7 protocols using hematoxylin and eosin

1

Biomaterial Characterization and Cell Culture

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poly(ι-lactic acid) (PLLA) was purchased from Samyang (Seoul, Korea). Trifluoroethanol, dopamine hydrochloride, anti-mouse IgG biotin conjugate, anti-rabbit IgG biotin conjugate, alizarin red S, and p-nitrophenyl phosphate were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isopropyl alcohol, and Tris-HCl were obtained from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA) and Alfa Aesar (Heysham, UK), respectively. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Wisent (St. Bruno, QC, Canada). The Quant-iT Picogreen dsDNA Assay kit was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA), and the QuantiChrom Calcium Assay kit was purchased from BioAssay Systems (Hayward, CA, USA). Hematoxylin and eosin was purchased from BBC Biochemical (Mount Vernon, MA, USA). The Live and dead assay kit and streptavidin-FITC were obtained from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA) and ebioscience (San Diego, CA, USA), respectively. VEGF ELISA development kits were purchased from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). The primary antibodies OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Hypoxia Probe LOX-1 was purchased from SCIVAX Corporation (Kanagawa, Japan).
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2

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tissue Samples

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Paraffin sections were deparaffinized and antigen-retrieved using a pressure cooker. Sodium-citrate buffer (pH 6) or Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9) were used as an antigen retrieval solution, depending on the type of the antigen. The Sections were incubated with BLOXALL (Vector Laboratories) at RT, blocked with 3% horse (or goat) serum in PBS or PBST (0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS), and then incubated at 4 °C overnight with primary antibodies. The samples were washed and incubated with biotinylated IgG anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories; 1:200 dilution) for 30 min at RT. VECTASTAIN ABC kit and DAB was used according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Vector Laboratories). Sections were counterstained with Harris hematoxylin (Papanicolaou solution 1a, Merck) and mounted with mounting medium (DAKO). For hematoxylin and eosin slides, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (BBC biochemical) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. For histological assessment of collagen deposition, trichrome staining was performed using a Masson Trichrome Staining Kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Immunohistochemistry images were acquired using a Pannoramic SCAN II (3DHISTECH) and analyzed by CaseViewer 2.2 (3DHISTECH).
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3

Histological Tissue Analysis of Fasted Animals

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The animals fasted from one day before the sacrifice. After collecting blood from the abdominal artery, the animals were killed by Entobar® (Pentobarbiral sodium, 1 mL/kg, Hanlim Pharmaceutical Co, Seoul, South Korea) anesthesia, and the brain, eyes, trachea, heart, thymus, lungs, spleen, kidneys, liver, and testes were carefully removed. These organs were then weighed and fixed in a 10% formalin solution (BBC Biochemical, Washington, DC, USA). The testes were fixed in a Bouin solution, and the eyes fixed in Davison’s solution. The tissues were fixed for 1 week. An automatic tissue tracing device was used (Leica TP1020; Leica Microsystems, Nussloch, Germany) to form paraffin blocks, following treatment with alcohol and xylene. Thereafter, 4–6 µm slices were cut using a microtome device. The slices were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (BBC Biochemical, Washington, DC, USA), and the slides were examined using light microscopy. For the acute inhalation study, no histopathology was conducted.
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4

Histopathological Examination of Organ Tissues

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After collecting blood samples, the rats were euthanized using the anesthesiant Entobar®, followed by careful removal of the testes, heart, thymus, trachea, lungs, kidneys, spleen, liver, and brain. The organs were examined for any gross lesions, and then weighed and fixed in a 10 % formalin solution containing neutral phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). For the histopathological evaluation, the testes were fixed in a Bouin solution, at killing, while the left lungs were fixed in a 10 % formalin solution (BBC Biochemical, Washington, DC) containing neutral phosphate-buffered saline under 25 cm of water pressure. After fixing the organs in 10% natural PBS for one week, they were then embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (BBC biochemical, Washington, DC). All the animal organs were examined using light microscopy. The left lungs were sectioned into three and examined.
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5

Histological Evaluation of Prostate Tissue

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The prostate tissue was embedded in paraffin and sectioned to a thickness of 4 μm. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (BBC Biochemical) to determine histological alteration of the prostate. Histological analysis was performed using a light microscope (Leica, Wentzler) manually and in a completely blinded manner.
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6

Tissue Preparation and Histological Analysis

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Animals were euthanized, tissues were collected under a Zeiss Stemi 508 Stereo microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), and treated as described before (16 (link)). Briefly, the specimens were placed in buffered Carson’s formalin for more than 24 hours. Then, the tissues were dehydrated in serial dilutions of ethanol, cleared in xylene for 1 hr and embedded into paraffin blocks. Tissue sections were cut at 4μm using a Leica CM3050S cryostat (from Leica Biosystems Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL, USA) and consequently stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Statlab, McKinney, TX, USA). The tissue slides were studied using bright field microscopy using a Zeiss Observer D1 microscope and the Axiovision software (also from Carl Zeiss).
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7

Histopathological Scoring of Embryonic Skin and Liver

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Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) 4-µm embryo sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (StatLab, McKinney, Texas), and evaluated blinded as to genotype. Skin was scored for epidermal hyperplasia (0, normal undulating epithelium with 1–3 cell thick stratum spinosum; 1, partial or complete loss of undulation with 3–4 cell thick stratum spinosum; 2, 5–6 cell thick spinosum; or 3, >6 cell thick spinosum), inflammatory infiltrates (0, within normal limits; 1, mildly increased cellularity without significant epidermal expansion; 2, increased dermal cellularity with < 2× dermal expansion; or 3, densely increased dermal cellularity with >2× dermal expansion), and brown adipose tissue atrophy (0, within normal limits; 1, focal area of brown adipose tissue loss; 2, multifocal atrophy of brown adipose tissue; or 3, locally extensive loss/atrophy of brown adipose tissue). Dermatitis scores were the sum of these three scores. Liver was scored for hepatocellular vacuolation (0, diffuse hepatocellular vacuolation; 1, vacuolation is mildly decreased, but present in most to all hepatocytes; 2, regional loss of hepatocellular vacuolation; or 3, diffuse loss of hepatocellular vacuolation).
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